Dupin hypersurfaces and integrable Hamiltonian systems of hydrodynamic type which do not possess Riemann invariants (Q1894749)

Systems of hydrodynamic type \[ u^i_t = v^i_j (u)u^i_x, \quad i,j = 1, \dots, n \tag{1} \] are considered. The system is Hamiltonian if the matrix \(v^i_j (u)\) coincides with the Hessian \[ v^i_j (u) = \varepsilon^i {\partial^2 h(u) \over \partial u_i \partial u_j}. \] The system is called weakly nonlinear if each eigenvalue \(\lambda^i (u)\) of the matrix \(v^i_j (u)\) is constant along the corresponding eigenfoliation. It is known that all diagonalizable Hamiltonian systems (i.e. the systems which can be transformed into the form with diagonal matrix \(v^i_j)\) are integrable. The author classifies the nondiagonalizable Hamiltonian systems. The classification is based on a close relationship between Hamiltonian systems of hydrodynamic type and hypersurfaces in a pseudo-euclidean space. Let \(n\) and \(r\) be the unit normal and the radius-vector of a hypersurface \(M^n\) in pseudo-euclidean space \(E^{n + 1}\). The equation (1) is rewritten in the form \(n_t = r_x\) with \(v^i_j = (w^{-1})^i_j\), where \(w^i_j (u)\) is the Weingarten operator of \(M^n\). The classification of the 3-dimensional Dupin surfaces (principal curvatures are constant along the corresponding curvature surfaces) in \(E^4\) [\textit{U. Pinkall}, Math. Ann. 270, 427-440 (1985; Zbl 0538.53004)] is used to prove the main result of the paper: Theorem. A \(3 \times 3\) nondiagonalizable Hamiltonian system is integrable if and only if it is weakly nonlinear. All \(3 \times 3\) weakly nonlinear nondiagonalizable Hamiltonian systems are equivalent under the reciprocal transformations.