Evolution equations: Dichotomies and the Fredholm alternative for bounded solutions (Q1895091)

The authors study relationships between the exponential dichotomy of the homogeneous abstract evolution equation (1) \(\dot x = A(t)x\) and the existence of bounded solutions of nonhomogeneous equation \(\dot x = A(t)x + f(t)\), where \(A(t)\) is a closed linear operator which may be also unbounded and its domain \(D\) is supposed to be a dense subset of a Banach space \(X\). It is shown that if (1) has exponential dichotomies in \(R_-\) and \(R_+\) then the Fredholm Alternative holds. Moreover, the converse of this result is proved, that is if Fredholm Alternative is true and some additional conditions hold then (1) has exponential dichotomies in \(R_-\) and \(R_+\). The proof of the last result is coordinate-free and turns out to be simpler than previous ones even in the finite dimensional case.