Asymptotic almost periodicity of scalar parabolic equations with almost periodic time dependence (Q1903043)

This paper is devoted to the study of asymptotic almost periodicity of bounded solutions for the following time almost periodic one-dimensional scalar parabolic equation \[ u_t= u_{xx}+ f(t, x, u, u_x),\;t> 0,\;0< x< 1,\quad u(t, 0)= u(t, 1)= 0,\;t> 0, \] where \(f: \mathbb{R}^1\times [0, 1]\times \mathbb{R}^1\times \mathbb{R}^1\to \mathbb{R}^1\) is a \(C^2\) function, and \(f(t, x, u, p)\) with all its partial derivatives up to order 2 is Bohr almost periodic in \(t\) uniformly with respect to the other variables on compact sets. Let \(H(f)\) be the hull of \(f\) in the compact open topology and let \(X^\alpha\) be a fractional power space associated with the operator \(u\to - u_{xx}: H^2_0(0, 1)\to L^2(0, 1)\) that is compactly embedded in \(C^1[0, 1]\). The above equation generates a local skew product semiflow \(\Pi_t\) on \(X^\alpha\times H(f)\) as follows: \(\Pi_t(U, g)= (u(t,\cdot, U, g), g\cdot t)\), where \(g\cdot t\) is the flow on \(H(f)\) defined by time translations and \(u(t, \cdot, U, g)\) is the solution of \[ u_t= u_{xx}+ g(t, x, u, u_x),\;t> 0,\;0< x< 1,\quad u(t, 0)= u(t, 1)= 0,\;t> 0, \] with \(u(0, \cdot, U, g)= U(\cdot)\). The asymptotic almost periodicity for a positively bounded motion \(\Pi_t(U, g)\) is studied by investigating its \(\omega\)-limit set \(\omega(U, g)\). The main result is: (1) Let \(\omega(U_0, g_0)\subset X^\alpha\times H(f)\) be an \(\omega\)-limit set for the considered equation. Suppose that \(\omega(U_0, g_0)\) is hyperbolic, that is, the linearized equation about the flow on \(\omega(U_0, g_0)\) has an exponential dychotomy on \(\omega(U_0, g_0)\) and the projections \(P(y)\) \((y\in \omega(U_0, g_0))\) associated to the exponential dychotomy satisfy: \(\text{Im } P(y)\neq \{0\}\) for \(y\in \omega(U_0, g_0)\). Then \(\omega(U_0, g_0)\) is an almost periodic extension of \(H(f)\), that is, \(\Pi_t(U_0, g_0)\) is asymptotically almost periodic. (2) Suppose that \(f(t, x, u, p)= F(\omega_1 t,\omega_2 t,\dots, \omega_k t, x, u, p)\) is quasiperiodic in \(t\) and \(F\) is \(C^{r, \gamma}\) \((r\geq 2, 0< \gamma\leq 1)\), that is \(F\) and all its partial derivatives up to order \(r\) are locally Hölder continuous with Hölder exponent \(\gamma\) if \(0< \gamma< 1\), and are Lipschitz continuous if \(\gamma= 1\). Then a hyperbolic \(\omega\)-limit set \(\omega(U_0, g_0)\) is \(C^{r, \gamma}\) diffeomorphic to \(T^k\) and the flow on \(\omega(U_0, g_0)\) is \(C^{r, \gamma}\) is \(C^{r, \gamma}\) conjugate to the twist flow on \(T^k\). An example with a nonhyperbolic \(\omega\)-limit set is given.