Trace polynomials and invariant theory (Q1904125)

Let \(V\) be a finite-dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field \(F\) of characteristic zero and \(kV\) be the direct sum of \(k\) copies of \(V\). If \(G \subset \text{End}_FV\) is an algebraic group, then it acts on the algebra \(F[kV]\) of polynomial functions on \(kV\): if \(f = f(v_1, \dots, v_k) \in F[kV]\), then \(f^g = f(g \cdot v_1, \dots, g \cdot v_k)\) for \(g \in G\). Let \(F \langle Y \rangle\) be the free non-associative algebra with the set of free generators \(Y = \{y_1, \dots, y_k\}\). For an algebra \(A\) over \(F\) let \(R_a\) resp. \(L_a\) be the operators of right resp. left multiplication of \(A\) by \(a \in A\). Every \(b = b(y_1, \dots, y_k) \in F \langle Y \rangle\) defines functions \(R_b\), \(L_b : kA \to \text{End}_FA\) by \(R_b (a_1, \dots, a_k) = R_{b (a_1, \dots, a_k)}\) and \(L_b (a_1, \dots, a_k) = L_{b (a_1, \dots, a_k)}\). Let \(Tr_k\) be the subalgebra of \(F[kA]\) generated by the set \(\{tr (T_b \dots T_c) \mid T \in \{R, L\}; b,c \in F \langle Y \rangle\}\). Let \(G\) be the group of automorphisms of \(A\). It is clear that \(Tr_k \subset F[kA]^G\). Let \(Q_k\) be the field of fractions of \(Tr_k\). The following theorem is proved. Let \(A\) be a finite-dimensional simple algebra (not necessarily associative) over an algebraically closed field \(F\) of characteristic zero. If \(A\) is generated by \(k\) elements as algebra, then \(F[kA]^G = Q_k\).