Cyclicity and approximation by lacunary power series (Q1907017)

Let \(\ell^p\), \(1\leq p\leq \infty\), the Banach space of all \(p \)-summable complex sequences, and let \(S\) and \(T\) on \(\ell^p\) be, respectively, the forward and backward shifts. This paper contains results on cyclic vectors for \(S\) and \(T\). In dealing with \(S\) and \(T\) it is convenient to consider the spaces \(\ell^p_A\) of those power series that are the discrete Fourier transforms of the elements of \(\ell^p\): \[ \begin{aligned} \ell^p_A:=&\Biggl\{f=\sum^\infty_{k=0} \widehat{f}(k)z^k: |f|_p = \biggl(\sum^\infty_{k=0}|\widehat{f}(k)|^p \biggr)^{1/p} <\infty \Biggr\}\quad 1\leq p <\infty;\\ \ell^\infty_A :=&\Biggl\{f =\sum^\infty_{k=0}\widehat{f}(k)z^k: |f|_\infty =\sup_{k\geq 0} |\widehat{f}(k)|< \infty \Biggr\},\end{aligned} \] (Note, the space \(\ell^2_A\) coincides with the Hardy space \(H^2\)). On \(\ell^p_A\) the shift operators correspond to the operators \(S\) and \(T\) defined by \(Sf:= zf\) and \(Tf:= \frac{f-f(0)}{z}\), respectively. Section 1 of this paper includes several auxiliary lemmas. In Section 2 the author gives some generalizations of the Douglas-Shapiro-Shields theorem [\textit{R. G. Douglas, H. S. Shapiro} and \textit{A. L. Shields}, Ann. Inst. Fourier 20, No. 1, 37-76 (1970; Zbl 0186.45302)] on the cyclicity of Hadamard lacunary series in \(H^2\). The main results of the paper are contained in Section 3, and the author summarizes them as follows: `The main result of the paper is that cyclicity of lacunary series is not a universal fact but depends heavily on metric properties of the space and on a specific decreasing of Taylor coefficients of the function.' He characterizes in Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2 the cyclic functions \(f(z) =\sum_{k=1}^\infty a_kz^{n_k}\in \ell_A^p\) with \(n_{k+1}/n_k>2\) and \(a_k\neq 0\) in \(\ell_A^p\) in detail in the cases \(1<p<\infty\) and \(p=1\), respectively. Moreover, with Theorem 3.3 he shows the difference between the cases \(p\geq 2\) and \(1\leq p<2\): In contrary to the first case, in the second one there exist in \(\ell_A^p\) Hadamard lacunary functions which are noncyclic. Section 3 is completed by a sufficient condition for cyclicity in case of the space \(c_A\) of those analytical functions whose Taylor coefficients tend to \(0\). One of the consequences of the main result in the mentioned Douglas-Shapiro-Shields paper is that, in the Hardy space \(H^2\), the sum of two noncyclic vectors is always noncyclic. Using the results of Section 3 the author shows for example, that this is not true for the backward shift operator on \(\ell_A^p\) if \(1\leq p<2\).