Note on the Jacobi sum \(J(\chi,\chi)\) (Q1910682)

Let \(\zeta_\ell= \exp (2\pi i/\ell)\). Let \(p\) be a prime with \(p\equiv 1\pmod \ell\). Let \(g\) be a primitive root\(\pmod p\). Let \(\chi\) be the Dirichlet character \(\pmod p\) given by \(\chi(x)= \zeta_\ell^{\text{ind}_g(x)}\), \(x\not\equiv 0\pmod p\). Let \(J(\chi,\chi)\) be the Jacobi sum \(\sum^{p-1}_{x=0} \chi(x) \chi(1-x)\). The author addresses the question: When is \(J(\chi,\chi)\) uniquely determined up to units and conjugates by the solution of the equation \[ X\overline{X}= p,\quad X\in \mathbb{Z}[ \zeta_\ell], \quad x\equiv 1\pmod 2 ? \] He gives a complete solution in the cases \(\ell= 11\) and 19. On the basis of this result he gives a necessary and sufficient condition for 2 to be a 11th power \(\pmod p\), resp. a 19th power \(\pmod p\), when \(p\) is not representable by \(x^2+ 11y^2\), resp. \(x^2+ 19y^2\). These results complement earlier work of \textit{P. A. Leonard}, \textit{B. C. Mortimer} and \textit{K. S. Williams} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 286/287, 213-222 (1976; Zbl 0332.10003)] and of \textit{J. C. Parnami}, \textit{M. K. Agrawal}, \textit{S. Pall} and \textit{A. R. Rajwade} [Acta Arith. 43, 361-365 (1984; Zbl 0539.10006)].