A multilayer composite triangular element for steady-state conduction/convection/radiation heat transfer in complex shells (Q1913216)

All nonlinear terms are strictly due to radiation; the material properties are assumed independent of temperature but this in no way restricts the generality of the basic theory. The formulation is based on a first-order thermal lamination theory which assumes a linear through-the-thickness temperature variation. The following features are uniquely implemented in the computer model: (1) exact integration of all matrices including the highly nonlinear radiation matrix; (2) exact integration of all derivative (Jacobian) matrices for efficient nonlinear analysis; (3) geometrical generality achieved by an arbitrarily oriented inexpensive flat shell element; (4) compatibility with structural elements; (5) computational efficiency and simplicity. A predictor-corrector scheme in the form of the Newton-Raphson method is adopted for the solution of the steady-state nonlinear problem. Numerical examples, ranging from simple panels to complex anisotropic shells substantiate the theoretical formulation and show the potential of the present laminated triangular element.