The cyclicity of the period annulus of the quadratic Hamiltonian triangle (Q1916014)

The paper investigates the number of limit cycles for small quadratic perturbations of quadratic Hamiltonian systems \(x' = H_y + \varepsilon f(x,y,\varepsilon)\), \(y' = -H_x + \varepsilon g(x,y,\varepsilon)\), where \(H\) has the form \(H = l_1 l_2 l_3\) with \(l_j = a_j + b_j + c_j\). This case is known as the Hamiltonian triangle. It is well known that the center surrounded by the triangle is the unique one among the quadratic Hamiltonian centers having cyclicity three. The main result of the paper is the following theorem. For small \(\varepsilon\), the maximal number of limit cycles which emerge from the center and the period annulus altogether is equal to three. Concerning the cyclicity under quadratic perturbation of the triangle polycycle itself, recent results were obtained by \textit{H. Żołądek} in J. Differ. Equations 122, No. 1, 137-159 (1995; Zbl 0840.34031).