Heat kernel and singular variation of domains (Q1917004)

The authors consider the heat kernel \(U^{(\varepsilon)}(x, y, t)\) (under the Dirichlet b.c.) of a punctured domain \(M_\varepsilon= M\backslash B(\varepsilon; w)\) and compare it with the heat kernel of the original domain \(M\), where \(M\) is a bounded domain in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) or \(\mathbb{R}^3\). They give the approximation of \(U^{(\varepsilon)}(x, y, t)\) up to first-order. For \(n= 2\), they give \[ |U^{(\varepsilon)}_t- \kappa_\varepsilon V^{(\varepsilon)}_t \kappa_{\varepsilon}|_{p, \varepsilon}\leq C_t \begin{cases} \varepsilon^{1/p} |\log\varepsilon|^{- 1} \quad & \text{if}\quad 2< p\\ \varepsilon^{(1- s)/2} |\log \varepsilon|^{- 1}\quad & \text{if} \quad 2= p\\ \varepsilon^{1- (1/p)}|\log \varepsilon|^{- 1}\quad & \text{if} \quad 1< 2< p\end{cases} \] for \(0< s< 1\), where the norm \(|\cdot|_{p, \varepsilon}\) is the operator norm in \(L^p\) and \(U^{(\varepsilon)}_t\) and \(V^{(\varepsilon)}_t\) is the integral transformation by the kernels \(U^{(\varepsilon)}(x, y, t)\) and \(V^{(\varepsilon)}(x, y, t)\). Here \[ V(x, y, t)= U(x, y, t)- L_2(\varepsilon) \int^t_0 U(x, w, \tau) U(w, y, t- \tau) d\tau \] and \(L_2(\varepsilon)= - 2\pi(\log \varepsilon)^{- 1}\). They also have a result for \(n= 3\).