Stable cycles for attractors of strongly monotone discrete-time dynamical systems (Q1923001)

The authors use the decomposition of the \(\omega\)-limit set and monotonicity conditions to prove that if \(K\) is an attractor for a strongly monotone map and \(z\) is attracted to \(K\) but \(\omega(z)\) is not a cycle, then \(K\) contains two order-stable cycles. In addition, the authors derive various conditions under which one obtains order-stable cycles, asymptotically order-stable cycles, and a globally asymptotically order-stable cycle. For more precise statements of the main results, we introduce some notation and few definitions. The space \(X\) is called ordered if it is a topological space together with a closed partial order relation \(R\subset X\times X\). We write \(x\leq y\) if \((x, y)\in R\), \(x< y\) if \(x\leq y\) and \(x\neq y\), \(x\ll y\) if \((x, y)\in \text{int}(R)\). The ordered space \(X\) is called strongly ordered if every open subset \(U\) of \(X\) is such that if \(x\in U\) then \(a\ll x\ll b\) for some \(a, b\in U\). Assume throughout that \(X\) is a strongly ordered space. Let \(V\) be a real Banach space with \(V_+\subset V\) being a closed convex set such that \(V_+\cap (- V_+)= \{0\}\). We write \(y\geq x\) if \(y- x\in V_+\), \(y> x\) if \(y\geq x\) but \(y\neq x\). If \(\text{Int } V_+\neq \emptyset\), then \(V\) is strongly ordered. The map \(T: X\to X\) is called order-compact if \(T[a, b]\) has compact closure in \(X\) for each \([a, b]\) in \(X\), where \([a, b]= \{x\in X: a\leq x\leq b\}\). If \(T: X\to X\) is strongly monotone, \(\omega^0_n(z)\) denotes the \(\omega\)-limit set of \(z\in X\) for the strongly monotone map \(T^n\). The decomposition of \(\omega(z)\) is \(\omega(z)= \bigcup^{n- 1}_{k= 0} \omega^k_n(z)\), where \(\omega^k_n(z)= T^k \omega^0_n(z)\) for \(k= 1, 2, \dots, n- 1\). Now we state the three main results. Theorem 1. Let \(K\) be an attractor for the strongly monotone map \(T: X\to X\). Suppose that \(z\) is attracted to \(K\) such that either \(\omega(z)\) is not a cycle or \(\omega(z)\) is a cycle that is not semistable. Then there exist an order-stable \(n\)-cycle \(O(p)\subset K\) and an order-stable \(m\)-cycle \(O(q)\subset K\) such that \(p\ll \omega^0_{mn}(z)\ll q\). Theorem 1 is a generalization of a result of \textit{M. W. Hirsch} [Lect. Notes Math. 1167, 141-153 (1985; Zbl 0588.58034)] and of the first author [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 162, 210-222 (1991; Zbl 0754.34055)], where the order relation between \(\omega(z)\) and \(p\), \(q\) was obtained. Theorem 2. Let \(X\subset V\) be order-open where \(V\) is a real Banach space with \(\text{Int } V_+\neq \emptyset\). Suppose that \(T: X\to X\) is analytic and order-compact. If \(DT(x)\) is a strongly positive operator for each \(x\in X\), then every stable cycle in an attractor \(K\) is asymptotically stable. Moreover, if \(z\) is attracted to \(K\) and \(\omega(z)\) is not a cycle, then \(K\) contains two asymptotically stable cycles. Theorems 1 and 2 are applied to a single loop positive feedback system of ordinary differential equations in \(\mathbb{R}^n_+\). In a second application, the authors consider a time-periodic reaction diffusion equation. On applying Theorems 1 and 2, they obtain that either every solution is asymptotic to a semistable subharmonic solution or the set of initial conditions contains at least two asymptotically stable subharmonic solutions. Theorem 3. Suppose every nonempty and compact subset of the strongly ordered space \(X\) has both a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound in \(X\). If \(T: X\to X\) is monotone, then \(T\) has a globally asymptotically order-stable fixed point if and only if (i) the closure of the orbit of any point of \(X\) is compact, and (ii) the number of fixed points is at most one. \textit{P. Takáč} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 423, 101-173 (1992; Zbl 0729.54022)] proved Theorem 3 with \(T: X\to X\) being a strongly monotone map.