Permutads (Q1930137)

For \(\mathbb{K}\) a commutative ring, let \({\mathbb{N}}^+\)-Mod be the category of positively graded \(\mathbb{K}\)-modules \(M = \{M_n \mid n\text{ positive}\}\), \(M_n\) has ``arity'' \(n\). Let \(n' = \{1,2,\dots,n\}\). For any surjective map \(t\) from \(n'\) to \(k'\), an element \(v\) of \(k'\) is called a vertex of \(t\) whose arity \(|v| = |t^{(-1)}(v)|+1\). Then for \(M\) in \({\mathbb{N}}^+\)-Mod and \(t\) a surjection of \(n'\) to \(k'\) let \(M_t\) be the tensor product of the \(M_{|v|}\) over all vertices of \(t\). Then define \(p(M)\) in \({\mathbb{N}}^+\)-Mod by \(p(M)_{(n+1)} = \) the direct sum of \(M_t\) over \(t\) in \(Surj(n)\) for positive \(n\), where \(Surj(n)\) is the disjoint union over positive \(k\) of of the surjective maps from \(n'\) to \(k'\) (with \(Surj(0) = \{1\}\)). Then substitution of surjective maps defines a transformation of functors \(G: p \circ p \to p\) which is assoiative and unital. Thus \((p, G, c)\) is a monad on \({\mathbb{N}}^+\)-Mod, where \(c(M)\) is the natural map of \(M\) to \(p(M)\) taking \(u\) in \(M_n\) to the corolla \(c_{(n-1)}\), the unique surjection of \(n'\) to \(1'\) decorated by \(u\). A permutad \(P\) is a unital algebra over this monad, i.e., \(P\) is in \({\mathbb{N}}^+\)-Mod with \(P_1 = K(id)\), and a morphism \(G_p : p(P)\) to \(P\) compatible with \(G\) and \(c\). Then one can discuss free permutads, ideals, quotients and differential graded permutads. A permutad can be presented with ``partial operations'' with shuffles as generators, so that permutad is equivalent to shuffle algebra introduced by the second author [Ann. Inst. Fourier 61, No. 3, 799-850 (2011; Zbl 1239.16032)]. A permutad can be presented by some particular shuffle trees, so the authors can relate permutads to ''shuffle operads'' introduced by \textit{V. Dotsenko} and \textit{A. Khoroshkin} [Duke Math. J. 153, No. 2, 363--396 (2010; Zbl 1208.18007)]. Thus permutads can be viewed as a noncommutative version of nonsymmetric operads. The titles of the sections of the paper are: {\parindent=7mm \begin{itemize}\item[0.]Introduction. \item[1.]Surjective maps and permutads. \item[2.]Partial operations and nonsymmetric operads. \item[3.]Shuffle algebras. \item[4.]Binary quadratic permutads. \item[5.]Associative permutad and the permutahedron. \item[6.]The permutad as associative algebra with derivation. \item[7.]Permutads and shuffle operads. \end{itemize}}