Nonabelian Jacobian of projective surfaces. Geometry and representation theory (Q1935217)

This monograph is essentially about the representation theory of a sheaf of reductive Lie algebras on a generalization \(J(X;L,d)\) of the classical Jacobian to smooth projective surfaces \(X\), whose closed points are pairs \((\mathcal{E}, [e])\), \(\mathcal{E}\) torsion-free sheaves of rank 2 on \(X\), \(c_1(\mathcal{E})=L\), \(L\) a fixed divisor on \(X\), \(c_2(\mathcal{E})=d \geq 0\), \(e\) a global section of \(\mathcal{E}\) with homothety class \([e]\), \(Z_e = (e=0)\), and the sheaf of Lie algebras in question is obtained from reductive Lie subalgebra \(\tilde{\mathcal{G}}(\mathcal{E}, [e])\) of \(\mathfrak{gl}(H^0(\mathcal{O}_{Z_e}))\). Among the many applications developed in this work (analog of a Lie algebraic aspect of the classical Jacobian, analog of a variation of Hodge structure à la Griffiths, analog of an infinitesimal Torelli theorem, toric geometry, action of affine Lie algebras on the direct sum of cohomology rings of Hilbert schemes, \dots) chief among those is probably the connection with Langlands Duality, and it is very much in this spirit that this work was initiated. It is also having Langlands duality in mind that we recommend reading this work lest the reader be quickly sidetracked by peripheral results that are certainly bold and tantalizing connections to various subfields of Algebraic Geometry and Representation Theory, but which unfortunately are not fully exploited and somewhat obscure the author's original goal, that of providing new insights into the Langlands program. Two connected results of the author that are worthy of attention are for one thing that \(J(X;L,d)\) yields a finite collection \(\mathcal{V}\) of quasi-projective subvarieties of \(X^{[d]}\), every element \(\Gamma\) of which determines a finite collection of nilpotent orbits in \(\mathfrak{sl}_{d[\Gamma]}(\mathbb{C})\), \(d[\Gamma] \leq d\) intrinsically associated to \(\Gamma\), and second that the same \(\Gamma\)'s determine a finite collection \( ^L R(\Gamma)\) of irreducible representations of the Langlands dual group \( ^L \mathfrak{sl}_{d[\Gamma]}(\mathbb{C}) = \mathrm{PGL}_{d[\Gamma]}(\mathbb{C})\). On a certain subset \(\breve{J}\) of \(J(X;L,d)\), \(H^0(\mathcal{O}_{Z_e})\) has a certain direct sum decomposition, and with the ring structure on \(H^0(\mathcal{O}_{Z_e})\), we get a reductive Lie subalgebra \(\tilde{\mathcal{G}}(\mathcal{E}, [e])\) of \(\mathfrak{gl}(H^0(\mathcal{O}_{Z_e}))\), the semisimple part of which is denoted by \(\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{E}, [e])\). We also have a morphism of schemes \(J(X;L,d) \rightarrow{\pi} X^{[d]}\) that sends a point \((\mathcal{E}, [e])\) to \([Z_e]\). One can attach a nilpotent element \(D^+(\nu)\) of \(\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{E}, [e])\) to every tangent vector \(\nu\) of \(\breve{J}\) along the fibers of \(\pi\), at a point \((\mathcal{E}, [e])\). If one denotes by \(T_{\pi}(\mathcal{E}, [e])\) the space of all such vectors of \(\breve{J}\) at \((\mathcal{E}, [e])\), one obtains a linear map \[ D^+_{(\mathcal{E}, [e])}: T_{\pi}(\mathcal{E}, [e]) \rightarrow \mathcal{N}(\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{E}, [e])). \] The nilpotent cone of \(\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{E}, [e])\) being partitioned into a finite set one gets the first result. The loop version of this map has values in the infinite Grassmannian \(\mathrm{Gr}(\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{E}, [e]))\) of \(\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{E}, [e])\) and one obtains a loop version of the first result where now \(\Gamma\)'s determine a finite collection of orbits in \(\mathrm{Gr}(\mathfrak{sl}_{d[\Gamma]}(\mathbb{C}))\), and taking the intersection cohomology complexes of those orbits one passes to the category of perverse sheaves on \(\mathrm{Gr}(\mathfrak{sl}_{d[\Gamma]}(\mathbb{C}))\), from which the second result follows after making use of the geometric version of the Satake isomorphism of [\textit{V. Ginzburg}, ``Perverse Sheaves on a Loop Group and Langlands Duality'', \url{arXiv:alg-geom/9511007}] and \textit{I. Mirkovic} and \textit{K. Vilonen} [Ann. Math. (2) 166, No. 1, 95--143 (2007; Zbl 1138.22013)]. One other result that is worthy of attention is the following. \(J(X;L,d)\) determines a finite collection \(\mathcal{P}(X;L,d)\) of perverse sheaves on \(X^{[d]}\), intersection cohomology complexes associated to local systems \(\mathcal{L}_{\lambda}\) on \(\Gamma\), \(\Gamma \in \mathcal{V}\), \(\mathcal{V}\) as in the first result above, \(\mathcal{L}_{\lambda}\) corresponding to a representation \(\pi_1(\Gamma, [Z]) \rightarrow \mathrm{Aut}(H^{\bullet}(B_{\lambda}, \mathbb{C}))\), \(B_{\lambda}\) a Springer fiber over the nilpotent orbit \(O_{\lambda}\) of \(\mathfrak{sl}_{d[\Gamma]}(\mathbb{C})\), \(\lambda\) a partition of \(d[\Gamma]\). \(\mathcal{P}(X;L,d)\) gives rise to a distinguished collection \(C(X;L,d)\) of irreducible perverse sheaves on \(X^{[d]}\) and one denotes by \(\mathcal{A}(X;L,d)\) the abelian category of finite direct sums of \(C[n]\), \(n \in \mathbb{Z}\), \(C \in C(X;L,d)\). \(J(X;L,d)\) also comes equipped with a Cartier divisor \(\Theta(X;L,d)\) parametrizing pairs \((\mathcal{E}, [e])\), \(\mathcal{E}\) not locally free, and letting \(J^0(X;L,d) = J(X;L,d)\setminus \Theta(X;L,d)\), \(\mathcal{T}^*_{J^0(X;L,d) / X^{[d]}}\) the sheaf of relative differentials of \(J^0\) over \(X^{[d]}\), then the author proves there is a natural map \(H^0(\mathcal{T}^*_{J^0(X;L,d) / X^{[d]}}) \rightarrow \mathcal{A}(X;L,d)\), which one can see as a deformation theoretic result instrumental in reformulating the classical Langlands correspondence into the geometric Langlands correspondence.