On the bilinear and cubic forms of some symplectic connected sums (Q1943206)

Let \(M\) be a closed, oriented, \(4\)-dimensional smooth manifold. Its second cohomology group \(H^2(M,\mathbb Z)\) admits a bilinear form \(F_M\) defined as follows: \(F_M: H^2(M,\mathbb Z)\times H^2(M,\mathbb Z)\to \mathbb Z\), \((\alpha,\beta)\mapsto\langle\alpha\cup\beta,[M]\rangle\), where \([M]\in H_4(M,\mathbb Z)\) is the fundamental class of \(M\) and \(\cup\) is the cup product. The bilinear form of \(M\) is an important topological invariant. If \(M\) is \(1\)-connected, then the homeomorphism type is determined by this bilinear form according to the theory of \(4\)-manifolds. When \(M\) is a closed, oriented, \(6\)-dimensional smooth manifold, then its cubic form \(F_M\) is defined similarly: \(F_M: H^2(M,\mathbb Z)\times H^2(M,\mathbb Z)\times H^2(M,\mathbb Z)\to \mathbb Z\), \((\alpha,\beta,\gamma)\mapsto\langle \alpha\cup\beta\cup \gamma,[M]\rangle\). Like the bilinear forms of \(4\)-manifolds, the cubic form \(F_M\) is also an important topological invariant of \(M\). If \(M\) is \(1\)-connected with torsion free homology, then the complete topological invariants of \(M\) are its cubic form \(F_M\), the third Betti number \(b_3(M)\), and the characteristic classes: its second Stiefel-Whitney class \(w_2(M)\) and its first Pontrjagin class \(p_1(M)\). A symplectic manifold is a pair \((M,\omega_M)\), where \(M\) is a smooth manifold and \(\omega_M\) is a closed differential \(2\)-form such that \((\omega_M)^n\neq 0\) at each point of \(M\). A smooth map \(f: N\to M\) between two symplectic manifolds is called symplectic if \(f^*\omega_M=\omega_N\). A symplectic manifold \((N,\omega_N)\) is said to be a symplectic submanifold of \((M,\omega_M)\) if the embedding \(i_N: N\hookrightarrow M\) is symplectic. If \((M_1,\omega_{M_1})\), \((M_2,\omega_{M_2})\), and \((N,\omega_N)\) are closed, connected symplectic manifolds, then \(N\) is the symplectic submanifold of \(M_1\) and \(M_2\) with co-dimension \(2\) if the normal bundles \(\eta_1\) and \(\eta_2\) of two embeddings \(j_1: N\hookrightarrow M_1\) and \(j_2: N\hookrightarrow M_2\) satisfy \(e(\eta_1)+e(\eta_2)=0\), where \(e(\eta_1)\) and \(e(\eta_2)\) are the Euler classes of the normal bundles \(\eta_1\) and \(\eta_2\) over \(N\). Then there is a closed symplectic manifold \(M_1\sharp_\psi M_2\), called the symplectic connected sum of \(M_1\) and \(M_2\), where \(\psi\) is bundle isomorphism. In this paper, the author constructs the symplectic connected sum \(M_1\sharp_\psi M_2\) of \(M_1\) and \(M_2\), with \(\dim M_1=\dim M_2=m\) and \(m=4\) or \(6\), and considers their the bilinear and cubic forms. It is shown that for \(m=4\), \(\langle \alpha_1\cup\alpha_2,[M_1\sharp_\psi M_2]\rangle=\langle \beta_1\cup\beta_2,[M_1]\rangle+\langle \gamma_1\cup\gamma_2,[M_2]\rangle\), and for \(m=6\), \(\langle \alpha_1\cup\alpha_2\cup\alpha_3,[M_1\sharp_\psi M_2]\rangle=\langle \beta_1\cup\beta_2\cup\beta_3,[M_1]\rangle+\langle \gamma_1\cup\gamma_2\cup\gamma_3,[M_2]\rangle\).