Large free linear algebras of real and complex functions (Q1947130)

Let \(\mathcal{S}\) be a set of functions satisfying some property. We say that \(\mathcal{S}\) is \(\kappa\)-lineable if \(\mathcal{S}\cup \{0\}\) contains a vector space of dimension \(\kappa \) where \(\kappa\) is a cardinal number. Let now \(\mathcal{L}\) be a linear algebra. A subset \(E\) of \(\mathcal{L}\) is said to be \(\kappa \)-algebrable if there exists a \(\kappa \)-generated linear algebra \(\mathcal{B}\) such that \(\mathcal{B}\subset E\cup \{0\}\). Here card\((Z)=\kappa \) is again a cardinal number and \(Z=\{z_{\alpha }:\alpha \in \Lambda \}\) is a minimal system of generators of \(\mathcal{B}\), i.e. \(\mathcal{B=A}(Z)\) is the algebra generated by \(Z,\) and for every \(\alpha_{0}\in \Lambda ,\) \(z_{\alpha _{0}}\notin \mathcal{A}(Z\backslash\{z_{\alpha _{0}}\}).\) Additionaly, we say that a subset \(E\) of a commutative linear algebra \(\mathcal{L}\) is strongly \(\kappa \)-algebrable if there exists a \(\kappa \)-generated free algebra \(\mathcal{B}^{\prime }\) contained in \(E\cup \{0\}.\) The term ``lineability'' was introduced in [\textit{P. Enflo} and \textit{V. I. Gurariy}, ``On lineability and spaceability of sets in function spaces'', unpublished notes] while the word ``algebrability'' appeared first in [\textit{R. Aron, V. I. Gurariy} and \textit{J. B. Seoane}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 133, No. 3, 795--803 (2005; Zbl 1069.26006)]. In recent years many authors studied the notions of lineability and algebrability. For example, Gurariy et al. showed that the set \(\mathcal{S}\) of everywhere surjective functions from \(\mathbb{C}\) to \(\mathbb{C}\) is \(2^{c}\)-lineable, while Aron and Seoane-Sepúlveda proved that this set \(\mathcal{S} \) is \(\omega \)-algebrable. The paper has three chapters. In the second chapter authors prove the following result: Let \(X\) be a set of cardinality \(\kappa\) where \(\kappa ^{\omega }=\kappa\). Then \(\mathbb{R}^{X}\) and \(\mathbb{C}^{X}\) contain a free linear algebra with \(2^{\kappa}\) generators. The authors applied this result in the third chapter to show strong algebrability of some families of functions in \(\mathbb{R}^{\mathbb{R}}\) and \(\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{C}}.\) For example, they proved that the set of all perfectly everywhere surjective functions from \(\mathbb{C}\) to \(\mathbb{C}\) (i.e. functions which map every perfect subset of \(\mathbb{C} \) onto \(\mathbb{C)}\), and the set of all everywhere discontinuous Darboux functions functions from \(\mathbb{R}\) to \(\mathbb{R}\) (i.e. nowhere continuous functions which map connected sets onto connected sets) are both strongly \(2^{c}\)-algebrable. Authors also studied functions whose sets of continuity points is a fixed \(G_{\delta }\) set and (for example) showed that the set all functions \(f\) from \(\mathbb{R}\) to \(\mathbb{R}\), such that the set of continuity points of each \(f\) equals some fixed \(G_{\delta }\) set \(G\), is strongly \(2^{c}\)-algebrable if and only if \(\mathbb{R}\backslash G\) is \(c\)-dense in itself.