The \(\Omega \) deformed \(B\)-model for rigid \(N=2\) theories (Q1947177)

\(Z(\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2)\), the instanton partition function of an \(N=2\) gauge theory in the general \(\Omega\) background, resp., the refined BPS partition function of a local Calabi-Yau threefold, is studied from the B-model point of view. The coefficient functions \(F^{(\frac n2,g)}\) in the 2-parameter asymptotic expansion, \[ \log Z(\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2) \sim \sum_{g,n} (\epsilon_1+\epsilon_2)^n (\epsilon_1 \epsilon_2)^{g-1} F^{(\frac n2,g)} \] satisfy a ``generalized'' holomorphic anomaly equation over the moduli space of vacua (whose rigid special geometry is encoded in \(F^{(0,0)}\)). That equation, being equivalent to the ordinary holomorphic anomaly equation (see, \textit{D.~Krefl} and \textit{J.~Walcher} [Lett. Math. Phys. 95, No. 1, 67--88 (2011; Zbl 1205.81118)]), can be solved by the same methods developed by the authors in previous works, such as, direct integration and (almost) modular forms. The novelty arises from the modification of the gap condition at singular points involving massless hypermultiplets. The formalism is applied to a variety of interesting \(N=2\) theories, such as asymptotically free and conformal \(N=2\) gauge theories, super-conformal theories with exceptional global symmetry, and ``refined topological strings'' on local \({\mathbb P}^2\).