Beliaev theory of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (Q1947374)

The authors apply the Beliaev theory to a spin-1 \((87)\mathrm{Rb}\) gas at zero temperature to investigate the effects of quantum fluctuations on the energy spectra of elementary excitations. First, Green's function formalism for a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate is presented and then the first-order approximation in relation with the Bogoliubov theory and the second-order approximation in relation with Beliaev theory are considered. Finally, it is shown that the elementary excitations with quadratic dispersion relations should be physically interpreted as spin waves. An experimental apparatus using a spinor wave packet is proposed to measure the effective mass of magnons.