On Dirichlet, Poncelet and Abel problems (Q1948408)

The purpose of this paper is to establish some new interconnections beteween certain problems of mathematics such as ill-posed boundary value problems in bounded semi-agebraic domains for partial differential equations, the moment problem, the Poncelet problem from projective geometry, the algebraic Pell-Abel equation and some other problems, recently revealed by the authors. It is shown that a solution is non-unique if and only if a corresponding Poncelet problem for two conics has a periodic trajectory. A set of problems is proven to be equivalent to the above problem. Among them are the solvability problem of the algebraic Pell-Abel equation and the indeterminacy problem of a new moment problem that generalizes the well-known trigonometrical moment problem. Solvability criteria of the above-mentioned problems can be represented in form \(\theta \in \mathbb Q\) where number \(\theta = m/n\) is built by means of data for a problem to solve. The authors also demonstrate close relations of the above-mentioned problems to such problems of modern mathematical physics as elliptic solutions of the Toda chain, static solutions of the classical \(XY\) Heisenberg chain and biorthogonal rational functions on elliptic grids in the theory of rational Padé interpolation.