The local Langlands correspondence for \(\mathrm{GL}_n\) over \(p\)-adic fields (Q1955771)

This paper reproves the Local Langlands Correspondence for \(\mathrm{GL}_n\) over a \(p\)-adic field \(F\), as well as the existence of \(\ell\)-adic Galois representations attached to certain cuspidal automorphic representations. The main result can be formulated as follows. (a) For any irreducible smooth representation \(\pi\) of \(\mathrm{GL}_n(F)\) there exists a unique semisimple \(n\)-dimensional representation \(\sigma(\pi)\) of the Weil group \(W_F\). (b) If \(\pi\) is a subquotient of the normalized parabolic induction of the irreducible representation \(\pi_1\otimes\cdots\otimes \pi_t\) of \(\mathrm{GL}_{n_1}(F)\times\cdots\times \mathrm{GL}_{n_t}(F)\), then \(\sigma(\pi)=\sigma(\pi_1)\oplus\cdots\oplus\sigma(\pi_t)\). (c) \(\pi\mapsto\sigma(\pi)\) induces a bijection between isomorphism classes of supercuspidal irreducible smooth representations of \(\mathrm{GL}_n(F)\) and irreducible \(n\)-dimensional representations of \(W_F\). (d) The bijection in (c) is compatible with twists, central characters, duals and \(L\)- and \(\varepsilon\)-factors of pairs. The \(p\)-adic Local Langlands Correspondence for \(\mathrm{GL}_n\) is well known, by the work of \textit{M. Harris} and \textit{R. Taylor} [The geometry and cohomology of some simple Shimura varieties. With an appendix by Vladimir G. Berkovich. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (2001; Zbl 1036.11027)], \textit{G. Henniart} [Invent. Math. 139, No. 2, 439--455 (2000; Zbl 1048.11092)] and \textit{A. V. Zelevinsky} [Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. (4) 13, 165--210 (1980; Zbl 0441.22014)]. Despite of a certain substantial overlap with the proof of Harris and Taylor, the proof offered in the paper under review contains several new interesting ingredients and makes significant simplifications. The author starts from a new local characterization of the Local Langlands Correspondence. The rough idea is to attach to any \(\tau\in W_F\) a function \(f_\tau\in C^\infty_c(\mathrm{GL}_n(F))\) such that \(\mathrm{tr}(f_\tau|\pi)=\mathrm{tr}(\tau|\sigma(\pi))\). But this is too much to hope for and instead one may implement by some cut-off function \(h\in C^\infty_c(\mathrm{GL}_n(\mathcal{O}))\) and an associated function \(f_{\tau, h}\) such that \[ \mathrm{tr}(f_{\tau, h}|\pi)=\mathrm{tr}(\tau|\sigma(\pi))\mathrm{tr}(h|\pi). \] The natural construction of \(f_{\tau, h}\) uses the moduli space of one-dimensional \(p\)-divisible groups of height \(n\). These functions together with the last equation are the major ingredients for part (a) of the main theorem. Via this new method, the author is able to extract irreducible representations of \(W_F\) from the cohomology space of a suitable Shimura variety (cf. Harris-Taylor). As a couple of remarkable highlights, for part (b), the author extends the method from his previous work [\textit{P. Scholze}, Invent. Math. 192, No. 3, 627--661 (2013; Zbl 1309.14020)]; for part (c), the author completely bypasses Henniart's numerical local Langlands correspondence. Instead the author uses his previous result on inertia-invariant nearby cycles. Finally, part (d) follows from embedding the local construction into the global picture.