Reversible equivariant linear systems (Q1960915)

The authors consider reversible equivariant systems of the form \[ \frac{dx}{dt} = L(x), \] where \(L: {\mathbb R}^n \mapsto {\mathbb R}^n\) is linear. Let \(G\) be the group of symmetries and reversing symmetries (which act linear) of the system. Throughout of the paper it is assumed that \(G\) is a compact Lie group. In the case when \(G\) contains reversing symmetries the subgroup \(H\) of symmetries is a normal subgroup of index two. If \((V, \rho)\) is a representation of \(G\) a linear map \(L: V \rightarrow V\) is said to be \(\sigma\)-reversible if \[ L(\rho(g)v) = \sigma(g) \rho(g) L(v) \] for all \(g\) in \(G.\) Here \(\sigma: G \rightarrow \{-1,1\} \subset GL(1;{\mathbb R})\) is the one-dimensional representation of \(G,\) given by \(\sigma(g) = 1\) if \(g \in H\) and \(\sigma(g) = -1\) if \(\sigma \in G \setminus H.\) The main result (Theorem 3.10) of the paper is a classification of the possible structures of the spaces of \(\sigma-\)reversible maps. The authors give this in terms of both real, complex and quaternion-type representations of \(G.\) Along with the theorem the authors consider normal form theory and eigenvalue movements. Some aspects of the linear and nonlinear cases are discussed in \textit{V. Arnold} [Supplementary chapters to the theory of ordinary differential equations (Nauka, Moscow) (1978)] and different techniques, results and examples for the nonlinear case are discussed in the collection [Bifurcations and periodic orbits of vector fields (D. Schlomiuk, ed., NATO ASI Ser., Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht) (1993; Zbl 0780.00040)]. The paper under review consists of 3 Sections. In Section 1 the authors give some definitions, examples, summarize the main results and briefly discuss some applications. Examples illustrate the aspects of the local dynamics systems under investigation. A discussion of the changes in the local dynamics in the presence of nonlinear terms is contained in \textit{J. S. W. Lamb} and \textit{H. W. Capel} [Chaos Solitons Fractals 5, No. 2, 271-293 (1995; Zbl 0843.58097)]. Along with \(\rho\) the authors consider the representation of \(\sigma \rho\) and call it the \(\sigma\)-dual of \(\rho.\) If \(\sigma \rho\) is isomorphic to \( \rho\) as a representation of \(G\) the authors say that \(\rho\) is \(\sigma\)-self-dual. Both cases \(\sigma\)-self-duality and not \(\sigma\)-self-duality are considered. The purely reversible normal form theory over \({\mathbb R}\) has been developed by \textit{I. Hoveijn} [J. Differ. Equ. 126, No. 2, 408-442 (1996; Zbl 0855.34043)]. Section 2 contains a summary of results the authors need from real linear algebra and representation theory. Detailed statements, proofs and examples that illustrate some of the statements are given in Section 3.