Lower bounds of exponential sums (Q1974868)

For a rational function \(f(X)= p(X)/ q(X)\) with integral coefficients, define \[ S_f(m)= \sum_{x\pmod m} e(p(x) \overline{q(x)}/ m), \] where values \(x\) for which \((q(x),m)\neq 1\) are excluded from the summation. Under various mild conditions on \(f\) it is shown that there is a positive constant \(\alpha_f\) such that \[ |S_f(pq)|\geq \alpha_f (pq)^{1/2} \] for a positive proportion of pairs of primes \(p,q\). Similarly for any \(\varepsilon> 0\) and for the same functions \(f\), one has \[ |S_f(pq)|\leq \varepsilon(pq)^{1/2} \] for a positive proportion of pairs \(p,q\). Analogous results are also proved for the multidimensional Kloosterman sum.