Normal form coordinates for the KdV equation having expansions in terms of pseudodifferential operators (Q1986589)

The paper is devoted to the Korteweg-de-Vries (KdV) equation on the circle: \[ \partial_t u = - \partial _x ^3 u + 6 u \partial _x u, \;\;\; x \in \mathbb{T} := \mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Z}. \] This equation can be written as a Hamiltonian PDE, \[ \partial_t u = - \partial _x \nabla H^{\mathrm{kdv}} ( u ), \] where \( \nabla H^{\mathrm{kdv}} \) denotes the \(L^2\)-gradient of the KdV Hamiltonian. According to [the first author and \textit{J. Pöschel}, KdV \& KAM. Berlin: Springer (2003; Zbl 1032.37001)] there are canonical coordinates related to the so-called Birkhoff coordinates which can be used to express the KdV Hamiltonian as a function of the sequence of the action variables. However, when the KdV equation is expressed in Birkhoff coordinates several features of the equation and its perturbations get lost. The main goal of the paper is to construct canonical coordinates taylored for the stability of finite gap solutions of KdV under quasi-linear perturbations. In particular, the expansions related to certain canonical real analytic diffeomorphisms \( \Psi \) satisfy proper regularity properties relevant for applications. The diffeomorphism \(\Psi \) is constructed as the composition of two transformations, \( \Psi_L \circ \Psi_C,\) following the scheme of \textit{S. B. Kuksin} [Analysis of Hamiltonian PDE's. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2000; Zbl 0960.35001)]. It is shown that the construction of coordinates is a key ingredient for the above mentioned stability. The construction of \( \Psi_L \), \( \Psi_C,\) and the corresponding expansion of the KdV Hamiltonian, together with the proofs of the main results are given in details in separate sections. Necessary background material is provided in several Appendices.