Periodic solutions of sublinear impulsive differential equations (Q1990390)

In the paper, motivated by the Duffing's equation \[ x''+g(x)=p(t), \] second-order sub-linear impulsive differential equations of the form \[ \begin{aligned} &x''+g(x)=p(t,x,x'),\qquad t\neq t_j,\\ &\Delta x(t_j)=ax(t_j^-),\\ &\Delta x'(t_j)=ax'(t_j^-)\end{aligned}\tag{1} \] is considered, where \(j\in{\mathbb Z}\setminus\{0\}\) and \(a\in{\mathbb R}\). It is assumed that the jump points (impulse moments) \(t_j\) are \(2\pi\)-periodic, i.e., \(t_{j+k}=t_j+2\pi\) for all \(j\in{\mathbb Z}\setminus\{0\}\) and that \(g\) is a continuous function satisfying the sub-linearity condition \[ \begin{aligned} \lim_{|s|\to\infty}\frac{g(s)}{s}=0.\end{aligned}\tag{3} \] As far as the impulsive differential equations are considered, \textit{D. Qian} et al. [J. Differ. Equations 258, No. 9, 3088--3106 (2015; Zbl 1348.34041)] considered the super-linear impulsive differential equation of the form \[ \begin{aligned} &x''+f(x)=p(t,x,x'),\qquad t\neq t_j,\\ &\Delta x(t_j)=I_j(x(t_j^-),x'(t_j^-)),\\ &\Delta x'(t_j)=J_j(x(t_j^-),x'(t_j^-)),\end{aligned}\tag{2} \] where \(j\in{\mathbb Z}\setminus\{0\}\), the jump points (impulse moments) \(t_j\) are \(2\pi\)-periodic, and that \(f\) is a continuous function satisfying the super-linearity condition \[ \lim_{|s|\to\infty}\frac{f(s)}{s}=\infty.\tag{4} \] The authors proved in [loc. cit.] that the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions of (2) with \(p=p(t)\) by using the Poincaré-Birkhoff twist theorem and also the existence of periodic solutions for non-conservative case with degenerate impulsive terms by developing a new twist fixed point theorem. In this paper, it is discussed Eq. (1) with the sub-linear condition (3), which is different from the super-linear case (4) and there is few papers studying on it up to now. As far as it is known, the existence of impulse effect, even the most simple impulsive functions, may cause complicated dynamic phenomenons and bring difficulties to study. For this reason, it is considered the linear impulsive case and it is investigated the existence of periodic solutions completely. Moreover, it is obtained the existence of harmonic solutions of Eq. (1) by the Poincaré-Bohl fixed point theorem, some properties of the Poincaré map of Eq. (1), including its derivative and rotation property, are considered and then the existence of subharmonic solutions is obtained according to a fixed point theorem given from [loc. cit.].