The period map for quantum cohomology of \(\mathbb{P}^2\) (Q2001591)

The Riemann-Hilbert problem for Gromov-Witten invariants is how to express the higher-genus Gromov-Witten invariants of a manifold with semi-simple quantum cohomology in terms of the monodromy data of the second structure connection. It motivated to develop Lie algebra theory for semi-simple Frobenius manifolds. The author says that the known examples related to this direction have conformal dimension $D\le 1$. In this paper, as a higher-dimensional example, quantum cohomology of $\mathbb{P}^2$ focusing on its period map, is studied. To state main the results, we need to review several terminologies described in \S1 and 2. Let $t_i, 1\le i\le 3$ be the linear coordinates of $H=H^\ast(\mathbb{P}^2,\mathbb{C})$ corresponding to $\phi_i=p^{i-1}$, with $p$ the class of hyperplane. Quantum cohomology defines a Frobenius manifold structure on \[ M=\{(t_1,Q,t_3)\in \mathbb{C}\times\mathbb{C}^\ast\times\mathbb{C}||t_3Q^{1/3}|<\epsilon\}, \ Q=e^{t_2}. \] $Q$ is the Novikov variable. The quantum cup product $\bullet$ is defined by using the genus-0 potential $F(t)$: \[ F(t)=\frac{1}{2}(t_1^2t_3+t_1t_2^2)+\sum_{d=1}^\infty\frac{N_d}{(3d-1)!}Q^d T_3^{3d-1}. \] The Euler vector field $E=t_1\partial_1-t_3\partial_3+3\partial_2$ and the Hodge grading operator $\theta=\mathrm{diag}(1,0,-1)$ are explicitly described in (\S2.1). The tangent bundle $\mathrm{H}$ of a Frobenius manifold is trivial. A connection $\nabla^{(n)}$ of the trivial bundle $(M\times \mathbb{C})'\times\mathrm{H}\to (M\times\mathbb{C})'$, $(M\times\mathbb{C})'=\{(t,\lambda)|\det(\lambda-E\bullet_t)\not=0\}$: \[ \begin{aligned} \nabla^{(n)}_{\partial/\partial t_i}&=\frac{\partial}{\partial T_i}+(\lambda-E\bullet_t)^{-1}(\phi_i\bullet_t)(\theta-n-\frac{1}{2}), \\ \nabla^{(n)}_{\partial/\partial\lambda}&=\frac{\partial}{\partial\lambda}-(\lambda-E\bullet_t)^{-1}(\theta-n-\frac{1}{2}), \end{aligned} \] is called the second structure connection. It is a Fuchs-type equation. Its fundamental solution and monodromy group are denoted by $I^{(n)}(t,\lambda)$ and $W$, respectively. The map \[ Z:\widetilde{((M\times \mathbb{C})')}\to \mathrm{H}^\ast, \quad (t,\lambda)\to Z(t,\lambda), \] where $\widetilde{((M\times \mathbb{C})')}$ is the universal covering of $(M\times \mathbb{C})'$ and$(Z(t,\lambda),\alpha)=(I_\alpha^{(-1)}(t,\lambda),1)$ is called the period map and $I_a^{(n)}(t,\lambda)=I^{(n)}(t,\lambda)a$, $a\in\mathrm{H}$ is called a periodic vector. The first structure connection is the Dubrovin connection. It is a connection on the trivial bundle over $M\times \mathbb{C}^\ast$. Its fundamental solution takes the form $S(z,t)z^\theta z^{-\rho}$, near $z=\infty$, where $S(t,z)$ is a calibration of $M$, and $\rho$ is a nilpotent operator, $[\theta,\rho]=-\rho$, and $S(t,z)S(t,-z)^T=1$. In the $\mathbb{P}^2$ case, the monodromy of Dubrovin's connection is $\mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbb{Z})\times \{\pm 1\}$ [\textit{B. Dubrovin}, ``Painlevé transcendents in two dimensional topological field theory'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:math/9803107}]. Its generators are reflections, obtained by adopting \textit{H. Iritani}'s method [Adv. Math. 222, No. 3, 1016--1079 (2009; Zbl 1190.14054)] as Proposition 2.1, Corollary 2.2 (proved in \S3). From Corollary 2.2, a $\mathbb{Q}$-basis $E_1,E_2,E_3$ in $\mathrm{H}$ is derived. To study the period map for quantum cohomology of $\mathbb{P}^2$, the period map $Z=(Z_1,Z_2,Z_3)$ is taken as $Z_i=Z_{E_i}$. To analyze them it is enough to consider them on $B=\{t\in M| t_1=0\}$ (cf. \S1.3, 1,4). Then the spaces $B_{\mathrm{small}}=\{t\in B|t_3=0\}=\mathbb{C}^\ast$ and $X_{\mathrm{small}}=(M\times\mathbb{C})'|_{t_1=t_3=0}$ and $\Omega_{\mathrm{small}}=\{z\in(\mathbb{C}^\ast)^3|z_2^2=4z_1z_3, \mathrm{Im}(-\frac{z_2}{2z_3})>0\}$ are introduced. Under the isomorphism \[ \Phi_{\mathrm{small}}:\mathbb{H}\times\mathbb{C}^\ast\to \Omega_{\mathrm{small}}, (\tau,y)\to (\tau^2y,-2\tau y,y), \] where $\mathbb{H}$ is the upper half plane, the action of the monodromy group takes a simple form (Lemma 4.4). $X_{\mathrm{small}}$ is a deformation retract of $X$ (Lemma 5.2). The universal covering $\tilde{X}_{\mathrm{small}}$ is an analytic submanifold of $\tilde{X}$. The first main results of this paper to describe $Z_{\mathrm{small}}=Z|_{X_{\mathrm{small}}}$ in terms of the Eisenstein series $E_2(\tau), E_4(\tau), E_6(\tau)$, $q=e^{2\pi i\tau}$ are as follows: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] The image of $Z_{\mathrm{small}}$ is $\Omega_{\mathrm{small}}\setminus\{E_6(-z_2/(2z_3))=0\}$. \item[2.] Let $\tilde{\pi}_{\mathrm{small}}:X_{\mathrm{small}}\to X_{\mathrm{small}}$ be the universal cover and $\pi_{\mathrm{small}}:\Omega_{\mathrm{small}}\to \mathbb{C}^\ast\times\mathbb{C}$, $(\tau,y)\to (Q(\tau,y),\lambda(\tau.y))$, be the map defined by \[ Q(\tau,y)=\frac{8}{27}(\frac{2\pi}{y})^6(E_4^3(\tau)-E_6^2(y)), \quad \lambda(\tau,y)=2(\frac{2\pi}{y})^2E_4(\tau), \] where $(\tau.y)$ is the coordinate system on $\Omega_{\mathrm{small}}$ introduced above. Then $\pi_{\mathrm{small}}\circ Z_{\mathrm{small}}=\tilde{\pi}_{\mathrm{small}}$. \item[3.] The fiber of the map $\pi_{\mathrm{small}}$ are the $W$-orbits in $\Omega_{\mathrm{small}}$, i.e., the small quantum cohomology $B_{\mathrm{small}}\times\mathbb{C}$ is the coarse moduli space for the orbifold $[\Omega_{\mathrm{small}}/W]$. \end{itemize} (Theorem 2.3, proved in \S4). The author says that generalizing the above results to the big quantum cohomology is a challenging problem. Let $\Gamma(\Omega_{\mathrm{small}}, \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^3})^W$ be the ring of $W$-invariant functions. Then the pullbacks of $Q.\lambda,t$ belong to \((\Omega_{\mathrm{small}},\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^3})\). They are power series of $\tau_1-\tau_2$ whose coefficients are polynomials in the Eisenstein series $E_i(\tau), i=2.4.6$ and $\tau=(\tau_1+\tau_2)/2$. This is the second main theorem of this paper (Theorem 2.4, proved in \S5, the last section).