\(L_p\)-estimates for time fractional parabolic equations in divergence form with measurable coefficients (Q2007981)

There are various types of fractional-order derivatives that can be suitable for modeling some interesting phenomena in natural science and engineering. One of the most commonly known fractional derivatives is Caputo derivative. This derivative has been successfully used in fractional formulations for many types of ordinary and partial differential equations with initial and boundary value problems (see [\textit{G. S Teodoroa} et al., ``A review of definitions of fractional derivatives and other operators'', J. Comput. Phys. 388, 195--208 (2019; \url{doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2019.03.008})], [\textit{D. Baleanu} and \textit{Om. P. Agrawal}, Czech. J. Phys. 56, No. 10--11, 10887--1092 (2006; Zbl 1111.37304)], [\textit{Q. Du}, Nonlocal modeling, analysis, and computation. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) (2019; Zbl 1423.00007)], and [\textit{A. Ghanmi} and \textit{Z. Zhang}, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 56, No. 5, 1297--1314 (2019; Zbl 1432.34012)]). In this research paper, authors investigate the nonlocal time fractional divergence form parabolic equations (NTFDFPEs) in the sense of Caputo fractional derivative. As the authors of this paper and other authors have pointed out that Caputo formulations have been applied in modeling fractional diffusion in plasma turbulence (see also [\textit{M. Allen} et al., Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 221, No. 2, 603--630 (2016; Zbl 1338.35428)]). The main goal of this paper is to obtain \(\text it{L}_{p}\)-estimates and solvability for NTFDFPEs by continuing what other authors studied in the previous research studies done on non-divergence form parabolic equations in the whole space with the same specified conditions in this research paper in which the leading coefficients with the assumption that they are uniformly elliplic with merely measurable in one spatial variable and have locally small mean oscillations with respect to other variables. This paper provides a derivation of half space case for NTFDFPEs. However, authors successfully overcome some existing challenges in obtaining the \(L_p\)-estimates and solvability for NTFDFPEs because as authors mentioned that local \(L_\infty\)-estimates of the gradient of solutions to locally homogeneous equations had to be established from using the results of obtaining \(L_2\)-estimate, and using special proposed level set type of argument for obtaining estimates of level sets of gradient of solutions. The authors have done a great job in deriving those results (see Appendix A at the end of paper) where various Sobolev embedding theorems have been proposed and applied to obtain those results. As a result, authors were able to obtain the \(L_p\)-estimates and solvability for NTFDFPEs, and all theorems, propositions, and lemma were included with all proofs in the research paper.