On \(k\)-circulant matrices involving the Pell numbers (Q2009340)

Let the sequence of \textit{Pell numbers} \(P_0,P_1,P_2,\ldots\) be defined in the usual fashion, such that \(P_n=2P_{n-1}+P_{n-2}\), with initial values \(P_0=0\) and \(P_1=1\), and define the \(n\times n\) \textit{k-circulant matrix} \[ C= \left( \begin{array}{cccccc} c_0 & c_1 & c_2 & \ldots & c_{n-2} & c_{n-1} \\ {kc}_{n-1} & c_0 & c_1 & \ldots & c_{n-3} & c_{n-2} \\ {kc}_{n-2} & {kc}_{n-1} & c_0 & \ldots & c_2 & c_{n-3} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots &\vdots & \vdots \\ {kc}_2 & {kc}_3 & {kc}_4 & \ldots & c_0 & c_1 \\ {kc}_1 & {kc}_2 & {kc}_3 & \ldots & {kc}_{n-1} & c_0 \\ \end{array} \right), \] for some \(k\in\mathbb{C}\setminus \{0\}\), with the notation \(C=\text{circ}_n\{_k\left (c_0,c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_{n-1}\right )\}\). In this paper, the author considers the \(k\)-circulant matrix \(P=\text{circ}_n\{_k\left (P_1,P_2,\ldots,P_{n}\right )\}\), determining the eigenvalues and the Euclidean (Frobenius) norm of \(P\). Upper and lower bounds for the spectral norm of the \(k\)-circulant matrix \(P^{(-1)}=\text{circ}_n\{_k\left (P_1^{-1},P_2^{-1},\ldots,P_{n}^{-1}\right )\}\) are also investigated. The paper concludes with some examples illustrating the results obtained.