Prescribed asymptotic behavior of second-order impulsive differential equations via principal and nonprincipal solutions (Q2041726)

The concept of principal and nonprincipal solutions for non-impulsive differential equations is well-known and widely investigated in the literature, however for the impulsive case there are very few papers. The first contribution in this direction was made by \textit{A. Özbekler} and \textit{A. Zafer} [Appl. Math. Comput. 216, No. 4, 1158--1168 (2010; Zbl 1201.34017)] for impulsive differential equations of the form \[\begin{cases} (p(t)x')'+q(t)x=0,\quad t\neq\theta_i\\ \Delta p(t)x'+q_ix=0, &t=\theta_i, \end{cases} \] where \(\Delta x=0\), i.e., the solutions are continuous. In the present paper, the existence of principal and nonprincipal solutions for impulsive equations of quite general form \[\begin{cases} (p(t)x')'+q(t)x=0,\quad t\neq\theta_i,\\ \Delta x+a_ix=0, \; \Delta p(t)x'+c_ix'=0, \quad t=\theta_i \end{cases}\tag{h1} \] and \[\begin{cases} (p(t)x')'+q(t)x=0,\quad t\neq\theta_i,\\ \Delta x+a_ix=0, \; \Delta p(t)x'+b_ix=0, &t=\theta_i \end{cases}\tag{h2} \] are studied, where the solutions are discontinuous. It is achieved to write the principal solution \(u\) in terms of a nonprincipal solution \(v\), and vice versa. In the paper, mainly the asymptotic expansion of the solutions of impulsive differential equations \[\begin{cases} (p(t)x')'+q(t)x=f(t,x),\quad t\neq\theta_i,\\ \Delta x+a_ix=g_i(x), \; \Delta p(t)x'+c_ix'=f_i(x), \quad t=\theta_i \end{cases}\tag{e1} \] and \[\begin{cases} (p(t)x')'+q(t)x=f(t,x),\quad t\neq\theta_i\\ \Delta x+a_ix=g_i(x), \; \Delta p(t)x'+b_ix=f_i(x), &t=\theta_i \end{cases}\tag{e2} \] is considered, where \(f\in \text{C}([t_0,\infty)\times\mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R})\), \(g_i, {f_i}\in \text{C}(\mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R})\) for \(i\in \mathbb N\), \(p,q\in PLC[{t_0},\infty)\), \(p(t)>0\), the sequences \(\{a_i\}\), \(\{b_i\}\) and \(\{ c_i\}\) are real valued and \(\{\theta_i\}\) is a strictly increasing unbounded sequence of real numbers. Several asymptotic representations of the solutions of (e1) and (e2) are given in terms of the principal and nonprincipal solutions of the associated homogeneous impulsive equations (h1) and (h2). As the considered equations are of general form, the obtained results are very inclusive. So, the paper fills the gap in the literature regarding the prescribed asymptotic behavior of solutions of impulsive differential equations.