A degenerate planar piecewise linear differential system with three zones (Q2042683)

Consider the following continuous piecewise linear system defined in three zones: \[ \frac{d x}{d t}=F(x)-y, \quad \frac{d y}{d t}=g(x)-\alpha, \] where \begin{align*} F(x) & = \begin{cases} t_r (x-1)+t_c, & \text{if } x>1, \\ t_c x, & \text{if } -1\leq x \leq 1, \\ t_l (x+1)-t_c, & \text{if } x<-1, \\ \end{cases}\\ g(x) & = \begin{cases} d_r (x-1)+d_c, & \text{if } x>1, \\ d_c x, & \text{if } -1\leq x \leq 1, \\ d_l (x+1)-d_c, & \text{if } x<-1, \\ \end{cases}\\ \end{align*} where \(\alpha\), \(t_r\), \(t_c\), \(t_l\), \(d_r\), \(d_c\) and \(d_l\) are real parameters. In particular, the case of \(d_c=0\) is called the degenerate case of the system. This case has been extensively studied for the existence of limit cycles and its global phase portraits in the Poincaré disc except for the extreme case, i. e. the case when \((\alpha, d_l, d_c, d_r, t_l, t_c, t_r)\in \mathcal{G}^*\subset \mathbb{R}^7\), where \[ \mathcal{G}^* = \{(\alpha, d_l, d_c, d_r, t_l, t_c, t_r)\in \mathbb{R}^7: d_l>0, d_r>0, d_c=0, t_r>0, t_l<0, t_l^2-4d_l<0, t_r^2-4d_r<0, \gamma_l+\gamma_r=0 \}, \] where \[ \gamma_l=\frac{t_l}{2\sqrt{d_l-\frac{t_l^2}{4}}}, \quad \gamma_r=\frac{t_r}{2\sqrt{d_r-\frac{t_r^2}{4}}}. \] In this paper, the authors investigate the dynamics of the extreme case of the system. They find that a generalized degenerate Hopf bifurcation occurs for points at infinity. Furthermore, the bifurcation diagram and all topologically different global phase portraits of the system for the extreme case are obtained.