Selectors and orderings of coarse spaces (Q2043941)

In this paper, the relationship between selectors and linear orders on coarse spaces is clarified. A \textit{coarse structure} on a set \(X\) is a filter \(\mathcal{E}\) on \(X \times X\) that includes the diagonal set and is closed under composition and inverse. The pair \((X, \mathcal{E})\) is called a \textit{coarse space}. A map \(f\colon X\to Y\) between coarse spaces is said to be \textit{macro-uniform} (or \textit{bornologous}) if \((f\times f)(E) \in \mathcal{E}_{Y}\) for all \(E \in \mathcal{E}_X\). These notions, introduced independently by [\textit{I. Protasov} and \textit{T. Banakh}, Ball Structures and Colorings of Graphs and Groups. Lviv: VNTL Publishers (2003; Zbl 1147.05033)] and [\textit{J. Roe}, Lectures on Coarse Geometry. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2003; Zbl 1042.53027)], are asymptotic counterparts of uniform spaces and uniformly continuous maps. Given a coarse space \((X, \mathcal{E})\), the family of non-empty subsets of \(X\) can be considered as a coarse space \((\exp X, \exp \mathcal{E})\) in a canonical way. For a non-empty subspace \(\mathcal{F}\) of \(\exp X\), a macro-uniform choice function of \(\mathcal{F}\) is called an \textit{\(\mathcal{F}\)-selector}. An \(\mathcal{F}\)-selector is also called a \textit{2-selector}, a \textit{bornologous selector} and a \textit{global selector} if \(\mathcal{F} = \left[X\right]^{2}\) (the family of unordered pairs), \(\mathcal{F} = \mathcal{B}_{X}\) (the family of bounded subsets) and \(\mathcal{F} = \exp X\), respectively. It has been shown in [\textit{I. Protasov}, ``Selectors of discrete coarse spaces'', Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin (to appear; \url{arXiv:2101.07199})] that a discrete coarse space admits a 2-selector if and only if there exists a linear order \(\leq\) on \(X\) such that \(\mathcal{B}_{X}\) coincides with the family of bounded subsets with respect to \(\leq\). In Section 2, the author analyses the interrelation between selectors and linear orders. The main results of this section include the following: \begin{itemize} \item Let \(X\) be coarse space with a compatible linear order \(\leq\). The binary minimum function \(\min\colon \left[X\right]^{2} \to X\) is a 2-selector. (Proposition 2) \item Let \(X\) be coarse space with a compatible well-order \(\leq\). The minimum function \(\min\colon \exp X \to X\) is a global selector. (Proposition 3) \end{itemize} It is also proved that the existence of a global (2- and bornologous) selector is invariant under coarse equivalence (Proposition 5). In Section 3, some existence and non-existence results on global selectors of cellular coarse spaces are provided. Recall that a coarse structure is said to be \textit{cellular} if it has a base consisting of equivalence relations, and is said to be \textit{ordinal} if it has a base well-ordered by inclusion. By Proposition 3, every cellular ordinal space admits a global selector (Theorem 3). Let \(G\) be a group endowed with the coarse structure generated by the sets of the form \(\left\{(x, y) \in G\times G \colon y \in Fx \right\}\), \(e_{G} \in F \subseteq_{\mathrm{fin}} X\). If \(G\) is uncountable, then it does not admit a 2-selector (Theorem 4). On the other hand, if \(G\) is countable and locally finite, then it admits a global selector (Theorem 5). In Section 4, the author concludes the paper with the discussion on two coarse structures of \(\omega\). A binary relation \(E\) on a set \(X\) is said to be \textit{locally finite} if \(E[x]\) and \(E^{-1}[x]\) are finite for each \(x \in X\), and is said to be \textit{finitary} if \(\sup_{x\in X} \left|E[x]\right|, \sup_{x \in X} \left|E^{-1}[x]\right| < \infty\). Then the family \(\Lambda\) (resp. \(\mathcal{F}\)) of locally finite (resp. finitary) binary relations on \(\omega\) forms a coarse structure. The space \((\omega, \Lambda)\) admits a global selector (Theorem 6), while the space \((\omega, \mathcal{F})\) does not admit a 2-selector (Theorem 7).