Analytic invariant curves for an iterative equation related to Ricker-type second-order equation (Q2044781)

The authors show the existence of analytic invariant curves of the difference equation \[ x_{n+1}=x_{n-1}e^{a-x_{n-1}-x_{n}}, \] or equivalently of the mapping \(T(x,y)=(y,xe^{a-x-y})\). They seek for analytic invariant curves of \(T\) in the form \(y=f(x)\). The considered system can be written in the form of the iterative equation \[ f(f(x))=xe^{a-x-f(x)}, \] where \(x\in\mathbb{C}\) and \(a\in\mathbb{R}\) is a fixed number. This equation is reduced, with \(f(x)=g(\alpha g^{-1}(x) )\), to the auxiliary equation \[ g(\alpha^{2}x)=g(x)e^{a-g(x)-g(\alpha x)}. \] Thus, by proving the existence of analytic solutions for this last equation, the analytic invariant curves of original equation can be determined. Set \(\alpha = \pm e^{a/2}\). The authors distinguish three different cases for \(\alpha\): \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] \(0< |\alpha| < 1\); \item[(2)] \(\alpha = e^{2\pi i\theta}, \theta\in \mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}\) and \(\theta\) defines a Brjuno number, i.e., \[ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\log q_{n+1}}{q_{n}}<\infty, \] where \(\{p_{n}/q_{n}\}\) denotes the sequence of partial fractions of the continued fraction expansion of \(\theta\); \item[(3)] \(\alpha = e^{2\pi iq/p}\) for some integer \(p\in \mathbb{N}\) with \(p\geq 2\) and \(q\in \mathbb{Z}\setminus\{ 0 \}\) and \(\alpha \neq e^{2\pi i\xi/\upsilon}\) for all \(1\leq \upsilon\leq p-1\) and \(\xi\in \mathbb{Z}\setminus\{ 0 \}\). \end{itemize}