Relating the Tate-Shafarevich group of an elliptic curve with the class group (Q2046746)

Let \(p\) be some prime, let \(E\) be an elliptic curve over \(\mathbb{Q}\), and let \(K = \mathbb{Q}(E[p])\) denote the \(p\)-division field of \(E\). In this manuscript, the authors formulate a precise relationship between the Tate-Shafarevich group of \(E\) with a quotient of the class group of \(K\) on which \(G = \text{Gal}(K) \cong \text{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z})\) operates by the standard representation over \(\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}\). The work begins by studying various Galois cohomology groups associated to elliptic curves. The main technical input of this work is Lemma 2.6, which proves:~for \(E/\mathbb{Q} \) with either good or multiplicative reduction at a prime \(p\geq 3\) and \(\ell\) any prime of \(\mathbb{Q}\) and \(w\mid \ell\) a prime of \(K\) over \(\ell\), if the \(\ell\)-Tamagawa number \(c_{\ell}(E)\) is co-prime to \(p\) for all primes \(\ell\neq p\), then \(H^1(I_{w},E[p])^{\Gamma_{w}}\) is non-zero precisely when \(\ell \neq p\) is a prime in \(\mathfrak{T}\), which consists of primes such that either \(E\) has split multiplicative reduction at \(\ell\) and \(E(\mathbb{Q}_{\ell})[p]\) has rank 1, or \(E\) has nonsplit multiplicative reduction at \(\ell\) and \(E(\mathbb{Q}_{\ell}^{\text{ur}})[p]\) has rank 1, where \(I_{w}\) is the inertia subgroup of \(G\) at \(w\), \(D_w\) is the decomposition subgroup of \(G\) at \(w\), and \(\Gamma_w = D_w/I_w\). With this lemma and other results concerning the \(p\)-rank of the Selmer group of \(E\) under restriction maps, the authors prove their main result, which is Theorem 4.2. Their theorem states that for \(E\) such that \(E\) has either good or multiplicative reduction at \(p\), \(E(\mathbb{Q}_p)[p] = 0\), \(c_{\ell}(E)\) is a \(p\)-adic unit for every finite prime \(\ell\neq p\), \(E[p]\) is an irreducible \(\text{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})\)-representation, then \[ \text{rank}_{\mathbb{F}_p} (\text{Sel}_p(E/\mathbb{Q})) - 1 \leq \text{rank}_{\mathbb{F}_p} \text{Hom}_G(\text{Cl}_K/p\text{Cl}_K,E[p])\leq \text{rank}_{\mathbb{F}_p} (\text{Sel}_p(E/\mathbb{Q})) + \#\mathfrak{T}, \] where \(\mathfrak{T}\) is the set of primes from Lemma 2.6. To conclude, the authors give an example to illustrate their man theorem and a discussion on how to construct unramified Galois extensions of \(K\) using ideas of Ribet and congruences of cusp forms with Eisenstein series.