Bases for skew derivations (Q2049397)

Let \(R\) be a prime ring, \(Q\) its Utumi quotient ring, \(X\) a set of non-commuting variables intended to range over \(Q\). Let \(\Omega=\bigcup_{n\geq 0}\Omega_n\), where \(\Omega_n\subseteq \Omega_{n+1}\) for each \(n\geq 0\), be an expansion closed word set. \\ If \(\Sigma\) is a subset of \(\Omega\), a polynomial in words of \(\Sigma\) is a finite sum of products in the form \[a_0w_1(x_1)a_1w_2(x_2)a_2 \cdots \cdots w_n(x_n)a_n,\] where \(a_0, a_i \in Q\), \(w_i\in \Sigma\), \(x_i\in X\). Such a polynomial is called linear if it contains only one variable, say \(x\in X\), and is a finite sum of \(aw(x)b\), where \(a, b\in Q\) and \(w\in \Sigma\). The set of all linear polynomial in words of \(\Sigma\) is denoted by \(l(\Sigma)\). In the main theorem of the paper under review it is proved that, if \(\Lambda\subseteq \Omega \setminus \Omega_m\), where \(m\geq 0\), is a semi-closed subset over \(\Omega_m\), then the following statements are equivalent: \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] There exist no monic linear identities in \(l(\Lambda \cup \Omega_m) \setminus l(\Omega_m)\). \item[(2)] There exist no linear identities in \(l(\Lambda \cup \Omega_m) \setminus l(\Omega_m)\). \item[(3)] The set \(\Lambda\) extends to a basis \(\Sigma\) of \(\Omega\), with \(\Sigma_m\) being a basis of \(\Omega_m\). \item[(4)] Any ordered basis \(\Sigma\) of \(\Omega\) has a subset \(\Theta\) with \(\Sigma_m \subseteq \Theta \subseteq \Sigma \setminus \Lambda\) such that the set \(\Theta \cup \Lambda\) forms a \(\Theta\)-ordered basis of \(\Omega\). \end{itemize} Moreover, the set \(\Lambda\) is said to be independent over \(\Omega_m\) if one of the four equivalent conditions above is satisfied. Otherwise, \(\Lambda\) is said to be dependent.