The finiteness of derivation-invariant prime ideals and the algebraic independence of the Eisenstein series (Q2054708)

For \(m\ge 3\), the Hecke triangle group \(H(m)\) is the subgroup of the full modular group \({\mathrm{SL}}_2({\mathbb{Z}})\) generated by the two elements \(\begin{pmatrix}1&1\\ 0&1\end{pmatrix}\) and \(\begin{pmatrix}1&-1/(2\cos(\frac \pi m))\\ 2\cos(\frac \pi m)&0\end{pmatrix}\). The arithmetic triangle groups are \(H(3)={\mathrm{SL}}_2({\mathbb{Z}})\), \(H(4)=\Gamma_0^+(2)\) and \(H(6)=\Gamma_0^+(3)\). For \(k\ge 1\), the Eisenstein series \(E_{2k,m}\) for \(H(m)\) have been defined in [\textit{S. K. Ashok} et al., SIGMA, Symmetry Integrability Geom. Methods Appl. 16, Paper 001, 26 p. (2020; Zbl 1444.34108)] and [\textit{C. F. Doran} et al., Commun. Number Theory Phys. 7, No. 4, 689--737 (2013; Zbl 1295.11050)]. The series \(E_{4,m}(\tau)\) and \(E_{6,m}(\tau)\) are modular forms for \(H(m)\), while \(E_{2,m}(\tau)\) is a quasi modular form for \(H(m)\). Let \(q= {\mathrm e}^{2\pi{\mathrm i}\tau}\) be a local parameter near \(\infty\) and \(\hat E_{2,m}(q)\), \(\hat E_{4,m}(q)\), \(\hat E_{6,m}(q)\) be the Fourier series for \(E_{2,m}(\tau)\), \(E_{4,m}(\tau)\) and \(E_{6,m}(\tau)\). The Ramanujan differential equations with respect to the derivation \(q{\mathrm{d}}/{\mathrm{d}}q\) for \(H(4)\) and \(H(6)\) are given in [Ramanujan J. 7, No. 4, 435--447 (2003; Zbl 1072.11052)], where \textit{W. Zudilin} proved the algebraic independence over \({\mathbb{C}}(q)\) of \(\hat E_{2,m}\), \(\hat E_{4,m}\) and \(\hat E_{6,m}\) for \(m=4\) and \(m=6\). \par The main result of the paper under review is that for \(m=3,4,6\) and for any point \(\alpha\) in the upper half plane \({\mathbb{H}}\), at least three among the four numbers \({\mathrm e}^{2\pi{\mathrm i}\alpha}\), \(E_{2,m}(\alpha)\), \(E_{4,m}(\alpha)\) and \(E_{6,m}(\alpha)\) are algebraically independent. For \(m=3\) this is a result of [\textit{Yu. V. Nesterenko}, Sb. Math. 187, No. 9, 1319--1348 (1996; Zbl 0898.11031); translation from Mat. Sb. 187, No. 9, 65--96 (1996)]. \par There is a further infinite Hecke group \(H(\infty)\) which is conjugate to \(\Gamma_0(2)\). Following [\textit{H. Hahn}, Ramanujan J. 15, No. 2, 235--257 (2008; Zbl 1181.11039)], the authors of the paper under review introduce the quasi-modular form \(P\) and the modular forms \(e\) and \(Q\) of weight \(2\) and \(4\) for \(\Gamma_0(2)\). They prove that for any point \(\alpha\) in the upper half plane \({\mathbb{H}}\), at least three among the four numbers \({\mathrm e}^{2\pi{\mathrm i}\alpha}\), \(P(\alpha)\), \(e(\alpha)\) and \(Q(\alpha)\) are algebraically independent. \par The authors heavily use the fact that the Eisenstein series for the arithmetic Hecke groups have integral Fourier coefficients with polynomial growth and they point out that the Eisenstein series for non arithmetic groups cannot have integral Fourier coefficients. \par The main ingredient in the proofs, besides Nesterenko's arguments for the case \(m=3\), is to introduce a derivation \(D\) on \({\mathbb{C}}[q,E_{2,m},E_{4,m},E_{6,m}]\) for \(m=4,6\) and on \({\mathbb{C}}[q,P,e,Q]\) for \(m=\infty\) and to show the finiteness of \(D\)--invariant principal ideals in these graded algebras. More generally, they prove that for a graded algebra \({\mathcal A}\) with a derivation \(D_{\mathcal A}\) satisfying certain conditions, and a bi-graded algebra \({\mathcal A}[q]\) with an extended derivation \(D\) of \(D_{\mathcal A}\), there are only finitely many \(D_{\mathcal A}\)- and \(D\)--invariant (or differential with respect to \(D_{\mathcal A}\) and \(D\)) principal prime ideals of \({\mathcal A}\) and of \({\mathcal A}[q]\), respectively.