Lorentz spaces in action on pressureless systems arising from models of collective behavior (Q2062837)

The authors of this paper discuss the global-in-time existence and uniqueness for mathematical models of pressureless gases. These models describe phenomena in astrophysics or collective behavior. In most cases the initial data include the bounded density. The obtained results in the paper are based on interpolation and parabolic maximal regularity, where Lorentz spaces play a key role. The authors establish a novel maximal regularity estimate for parabolic systems in \(L_{q,r} ((0,T);L_p(\Omega ))\) spaces. Consider the kinetic model with the equation \[ f_t+v\cdot\nabla_x f + \operatorname{div}_vK(f)f=0\text{ in }(0, T )\times \mathbb{R}_{x}^{d}\times \mathbb{R}_{v}^{d},\tag{1} \] where \(f=f(t,x,v)\) is a distribution function of a gas in the phase space. If the operator \(K\) comes from the Poisson potential, then it is determined the Vlasov system. If taking a less singular operator, then the Cucker-Smale system hold. This system models collective behavior like flocking of birds [\textit{F. Cucker} and \textit{S. Smale}, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 52, No. 5, 852--862 (2007; Zbl 1366.91116)]. Assuming a very special form of \(f\), \(f(t,x,v) =\rho (t,x)\delta_{v=u(t,x)}\) the so-called ``mono-kinetic ansatz'', one can pass formally from the kinetic model (1) to the hydrodynamical system. Thus one can obtain a general form of the hydrodynamical system, that is, \[ \rho_t + \operatorname{div}(\rho u)=0, \quad \rho u_t+\rho u\cdot \nabla u=A(\rho ,u).\tag{2} \] These equations give the mass and momentum balances, respectively. The case when \(A\) is not identically zero corresponds to the pressureless compressible Euler system. Here the authors discuss the following two cases: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] \(A(\rho ,u)=\mu\Delta u\) and \item[(ii)] \(A(\rho ,u)=\mu\Delta u + \mu^{\prime }\nabla \operatorname{div} u\) (\(\mu >0\), \(\mu + \mu^{\prime }>0\)). \end{itemize} The case (i) is a viscous regularization of (2). It corresponds to the hydrodynamical version of the Cucker-Smale model. The first result concerns the case (ii). If the gas domain is the whole plane \(\mathbb{R}^2\), then the following system hold: \[ \begin{aligned} &\rho_t +\operatorname{div}(\rho u)=0\text{ in }\mathbb{R}_{+}\times \mathbb{R}^2, \\ &\rho u_t+\rho u\cdot \nabla u = \mu \Delta u + \mu^{\prime }\nabla \operatorname{div} u\text{ in }\mathbb{R}_{+}\times \mathbb{R}^2, \\ &\rho|_{t=0}=\rho_0, \ u|_{t=0}=u_0\text{ in }\mathbb{R}^2. \end{aligned}\tag{3} \] The present approach is based on a perturbative method, therefore it is required the density to be close to some positive constant. The solution space will be the set \(\dot{W}_{4/3,(4/3,1)}^{2,1} (\mathbb{R}^2\times\mathbb{R}_{+})\) of functions \(z:\mathbb{R}_{+}\times \mathbb{R}^2\to \mathbb{R}\) such that \(z\in \mathcal{C}_b(\mathbb{R}_{+}; \dot{B}_{4/3,1}^{1/2})\), where \(\dot{B}_{4/3,1}^{1/2}(\mathbb{R}^2)\) is the homogeneous Besov space which is ``critical'' in terms of regularity, and embedded in \(L_2(\mathbb{R}^2)\). The authors state a global existence and uniqueness of the solution for the system (3). The second statement concerns the sistem (2) for the case (i). Then the global existence result in the three dimensional case is proved.