Maximal estimates for bilinear Bochner-Riesz means (Q2065947)

Maximal estimates for bilinear Bochner-Riesz means are a fundamental tool in Mathematical Analysis for many applied systems. The authors use the following notation in order to describe their results. For $1\leq p\leq \infty$ and $n\geq 2$, $\alpha(p)=\max \left\{n\left| \frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{2}\right|-\frac{1}{2},0\right\}$ and, for $n=1$, $\alpha(p)=0$ for all $1\leq p\leq \infty$. For $n\geq 2$, they define $p_{0}(n)=2+\frac{12}{4n-6-k}$, where $n\equiv k \bmod 3$, $k=0,1,2$. They denote $\mathfrak p_{n}=\min \left\{p_{0}(n),\frac{2(n+2)}{n}\right\}$. For $n\geq 1$, $1\leq p_1, p_2\leq \infty$, the authors set: \[ \alpha_{*}(p_{1},p_{2})= \begin{cases} \alpha(p_{1})+\alpha(p_{2}), & \text{when } \mathfrak p_{n}\leq p_{1},p_{2}\leq \infty \\ \alpha(p_{1}), & \text{when } \mathfrak p_{n }\leq p_{1}\leq \infty \text{ and } 2\leq p_{2}< \mathfrak p_{n } \\ \left( \frac{1-2{p_{1}}^{-1}}{1-2(\mathfrak p_{n})^{-1}}\right) \alpha(\mathfrak p_{n})+\alpha(p_{2}), & \text{when } 2\leq p_{1}< \mathfrak p_{n } \text { and } \mathfrak p_{n }\leq p_{2}\leq \infty \\ \left( \frac{2-2(p_{1})^{-1}-2(p_{2})^{-1}}{1-2(\mathfrak p_{n})^{-1}}\right) \alpha(\mathfrak{p_{n}}), & \text{when } 2\leq p_{1},p_{2}< \mathfrak p_{n }. \end{cases} \] Using this notation, the authors state two main results for $n\geq 2$ and $n=1$ separately so that, when $\alpha > \alpha_{*}(p_{1},p_{2})$, they prove maximal $L^{p}$ estimates for the bilinear Bochner-Riesz operator $\mathcal{B^{\alpha}_{*}}$ and these hold with the implicit constant depending only on $\alpha,p_{1},p_{2}$ and $n$ in the first case ($n\ge 2$), while setting $\alpha >0$, $1<p_{1},p_{2}< \infty$ and $\frac{1}{p_1}+\frac{1}{p_2}=\frac{1}{p}$, they hold for each of the following cases, for the second case ($n=1$): \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] $p_{1},p_{2}\geq 2$ and $\alpha >0$; \item[(2)] $1<p_{1}<2$, $p_{2}\geq 2$ and $\alpha > \frac{1}{p_{1}}-\frac{1}{2}$; \item[(3)] $1<p_{2}<2$, $p_1\geq 2$ and $\alpha > \frac{1}{p_{2}}-\frac{1}{2}$; \item[(4)] $1<p_{1},p_{2}<2$ and $\alpha > \frac{1}{p}-1$. \end{itemize} In case $(4)$, $p<1$ and when $\frac{2}{3}<p<1$, they get that $\frac{1}{p}-1<\frac{1}{2}$ which is interesting as $\alpha =\frac{1}{2}$, which is the critical index for the bilinear Bochner-Riesz problem when $n=1$. The $L^{p}$ estimates for $n\geq 2$ and triples of exponents $(p_{1},p_{2},p)$ with $p_{1},p_{2}\geq 2$, satisfying $\frac{1}{p}=\frac{1}{p_1}+\frac{1}{p_2}$, improved for $f,g\in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ from the formula $$ \left\| \mathcal{B^{\alpha}_{*}}(f,g)\right\|_{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \lesssim \left\| f\right\|_{L^{p_{1}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \left\| g\right\|_{L^{p_{2}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} $$ when the authors consider the corresponding estimates for the bilinear Bochner-Riesz operator of index $\alpha \geq 0$ defined by \[ \mathcal{B}_{R}^{\alpha}(f,g)(x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\left(1-\frac{\left| \xi \right|^2 +\left| \eta \right|^2}{R^2}\right)_{+}^{\alpha}\hat{f}(\xi)\hat{g}(\eta)e^{2\pi i x\cdot (\xi+\eta)}\, d\xi \, d\eta. \] The notation $\mathcal{B^{\alpha}}$ is simply used when $R=1$. To study the a.e. convergence of the bilinear Bochner-Riesz operator of index $\alpha \geq 0$, $\mathcal{B}_{R}^{\alpha}$, it is enough to prove suitable $L^{p}$ estimates for the corresponding maximal function $$ \mathcal{B^{\alpha}_{*}}(f,g)(x)=\sup_{R>0}\left|\mathcal{B}^{\alpha}_{R}(f,g)(x)\right|. $$ The authors are motivated by the convergence of more general partial sum operators \[ \sum_{\left|m\right|^2+\left|k\right|^2 \leq R^{2}}\left(1-\frac{\left|m\right|^2+\left|k\right|^2}{R^2}\right)^{\alpha}\hat{f}(m)\hat{g}(k)e^{2\pi i(k+m)\cdot x},\] where $\alpha \geq 0$, known as the bilinear Bochner-Riesz means of order $\alpha$. The question of $L^{p_{1}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\times L^{p_{2}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\rightarrow L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ boundedness for the operators $\mathcal{B}^{\alpha}$ and $\mathcal{B^{\alpha}_{*}}$ is referred to as the bilinear Bochner-Riesz problem and it needs to be investigated when $0\leq \alpha \leq n-\frac{1}{2}$. When $\alpha =0$, the operator $\mathcal{B}^{\alpha}$ is denoted by $\mathcal{B}$ and it is referred to as the bilinear ball multiplier operator. The authors obtain $L^{p}$ estimates for $\mathcal{B}^{\alpha}$ when exponents are less than two and using exponents in non-Banach triangle in dimension $n=1$ as well. The methodology of proofs concerns the decomposition of the bilinear multiplier $\left(1-\left| \xi \right|^2-\left| \eta \right|^2 \right)^{\alpha}_{+}$ into smooth functions supported in annular regions with respect to the variables $\xi$ and $\eta$ separately. This approach yields a very useful decomposition of the bilinear Bochner-Riesz multiplier into a product of frequency localized Bochner-Riesz square functions. To improve the range of $p_{1},p_{2}$ and $p$, the authors extend the $L^{p}$ estimates to the region established by $\alpha=1-\frac{4}{p}$. For each piece of the decomposition parametrized by $j$, the corresponding bilinear operator can be written as superposition of products of localized linear operators $\mathcal{B}^{R,t}_{j,\beta}f$ and $\mathcal{B}^{\delta}_{t}g$. The operator $\mathcal{B}^{R,t}_{j,\beta}$ turns out to be a slight perturbation of the localized Bochner-Riesz operator. For the Bochner-Riesz square function $G^{\alpha}$, it is bounded on $L^{p}(\mathbb{R})$ with $\alpha >\frac{1}{p}-1$, for $1\leq p\leq 2$ and with $\alpha > -\frac{1}{2}$, for $2\leq p<\infty$. Finally, when $n\geq 2$, the $L^{p}$ boundedness of $G^{\alpha}$ holds for $p\geq \mathfrak p_{n }$ and $\alpha >n\left( \frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{p}-1\right)$.