Automorphic Schwarzian equations and integrals of weight 2 forms (Q2075068)

Let \(E_4\) be the Eisenstein series of weight \(4\) of \(\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\). In this article, the authors give solutions of meromorphic functions \(f\) on the complex upper half plane \(\mathbb H\) of the Schwarzian equation \(\{f,z\}=(f''/f')'-(f''/f')^2/2=sE_4(z)\) with a complex parameter \(s\). Let \(\rho:\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\rightarrow \mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb C)\) be a representation. If \(f(\gamma z)=\rho(\gamma)(f)\) for any \(\gamma\in\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\), then \(f\) is said to be \(\rho\)-equivariant. Here \(\rho(\gamma)(f)\) denotes a linear transformation of \(f\) by the matrix \(\rho(\gamma)\). By a general property of Schwarzian equation, \(f\) is a solution if and only if \(f\) is \(\rho\)-equivariant for some representation \(\rho\). Further the holomorphy of \(E_4\) implies that \(f\) is non vanishing, locally univalent and has at most simple poles. In their previous paper [Forum Math. 32, No. 6, 1621--1636 (2020; Zbl 1456.11046)], they determined the parameter \(s\), for that the equation has a solution of a modular function. In this case, the corresponding representation is irreducible. In this article, they focus the case where the representation \(\rho\) is reducible. They show that such a solution with a reducible representation is obtainable from integrating a weight \(2\) modular form with a character which is non-vanishing and meromorphic as long as only double poles with zero residues. Let \(\eta(z)\) and \(J(z)\) be the Dedekind eta function and the modular invariant function, respectively. For each integer \(n\ge 0\), let \(f_n(z)=\eta^4(z)/\prod_{i=1}^n (J(z)-J(w_i))^2\), where \(w_1,\ldots,w_n\in\mathbb H\). They prove that there exits \(w_1,\dots,w_n\) such that \(f_n\) is a non-vanishing weight \(2\) modular form having a double pole and zero residue at each \(w_i\) and holomorphic elsewhere. For \(n=0\), put \(f_0(z)=\eta^4(\tau)\). Then they show that the integral \(h_n(z)=\int_{i}^zf_n(z)\mathrm{dz}\) is a solution to the Schwarzian equation for \(s=2\pi^2(12n+1)^2/36\). Since a solution \(f\) with the above analytic property to \(\{f,z\}=sE_4(z)\) gives two linearly independent solutions \(1/\sqrt{f'}\) and \(f/\sqrt{f'}\) to the ordinary differential equation of second degree \(y''+\frac s2E_4y=0\), \(\sqrt{f_n}=\eta^{-2}\prod_{i=1}^n(J(z)-J(w_i))\) is a solution to the equation \(y''+\frac{\pi^2(12n+1)^2}{36}E_4y=0\). The equation \(y''+\frac{\pi^2}{36}E_4y=0\) , that is, \(n=0\), was considered by F. Klein and a solution \(\eta^{-2}\) was known to A. Hurwitz. One of the purposes of this article is to seek explicit solutions to the equation \(y''+\frac{\pi^2n^2}{36}E_4y=0\) by using the Schwarzian equation and to generalize the work of Hurwitz and Klein.