Numerical semigroups, polyhedra, and posets. II: Locating certain families of semigroups (Q2075158)

A numerical semigroup is a cofinite submonoid of the set of nonnegative integers under addition. Given a nonzero element \(m\) of a numerical semigroup \(S\), the Apéry set of \(m\) in \(S\) is defined as \(\operatorname{Ap}(S;m)=\{0,a_1,\dots, a_{m-1} \}\), where \(a_i\) is the least integer in \(S\) congruent with \(i\) modulo \(m\). The tuple \((a_1,\dots, a_{m-1})\) is known as the Apéry tuple of \(S\) (with respect to \(m\)). This tuple is an integer point of the cone \(\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{Z}_m)\) determined by the inequalities \(x_i+x_j\ge x_{i+j}\), \(i,j\in \mathbb{Z}_m\setminus\{0\}\), \(i\neq j\). The set of numerical semigroups containing \(m\) is in one-to-one correspondence with the set of integer points of \(\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{Z}_m)\). The cone \(\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{Z}_m)\) is a translation of the Kunz polyhedron \(P_m\), and thus this correspondence is a reformulation of the one existing between integer points of \(P_m\) and the Kunz coordinates of numerical semigroups containing \(m\) (these are the tuples \((k_1,\dots,k_{m-1})\) such that \(a_i=k_i m + i\) for every \(i\)). Many authors have studied (and used) this polyhedron, and the manuscript under review sheds some light about the structure of some of its faces. We say that a face \(F\) of \(\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{Z}_m)\) contains a numerical semigroup \(S\) if it contains its Apéry tuple. In this manuscript the authors study faces containing extra-generalized arithmetical numerical semigroups and those faces containing gluings of a semigroup with a copy of \(\mathbb{Z}_{\ge 0}\). Let \(a\), \(h\) and \(k\) be integers with \(k< a\), and let \(d\) be an integer coprime with \(a\) such that \(a h+ k d>a\). The authors define an extra-generalized arithmetical numerical semigroup as a semigroup generated by \(\{a, a h+d, a h + 2d,\dots, a h + k d\}\). The authors provide characterizations of the elements in \(\operatorname{Ap}(S;a)\), and as a consequence, they are able to give formulas for the Frobenius number of extra-generalized arithmetical numerical semigroups (the largest integer not belonging to the semigroup). Using their description of the Apéry sets, they prove that if \(F\) is a face of \(\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{Z}_a)\) containing an extra-generalized arithmetical numerical semigroup, then it contains infinitely many extra-generalized arithmetical numerical semigroups. Moreover, the authors find formulas for the dimension of \(F\) depending on the values of \(a\) and \(k\). For dimension one and two, they prove that the face only contains extra-generalized arithmetical numerical semigroups, and for dimension two they provide a description of the extremal rays of the face. Given a numerical semigroup \(S\), an integer \(\alpha\in S\) that is not a minimal generator, and \(\beta\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ge 2}\), with \(\gcd(\alpha,\beta)=2\), the numerical semigroup \(T=\alpha\mathbb{Z}_{\ge 0}+\beta S\) is called a monoscopic gluing of \(S\). The authors give a precise description of the set \(\operatorname{Ap}(T;\beta m)\), with \(m\) the least positive integer in \(S\), known as the multiplicity of \(S\) (Note: the authors claim that this description is given in Theorem 9.2 of [\textit{J. C. Rosales} and \textit{P. A. García-Sánchez}, Numerical semigroups. Dordrecht: Springer (2009; Zbl 1220.20047)], though this is not the case, since in that theorem a description of the Apéry set of \(\alpha \beta\) is given instead. After consulting one of the authors, they explained that an earlier version of the manuscript contained a proof of this fact). If \(F\) is a face containing \(S\) in \(\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{Z}_m)\), then the authors provide an embedding of this face into the face of \(\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{Z}_{\beta m})\) containing \(T\). Moreover, they show that any semigroup in the same face containing \(T\) is a monoscopic gluing of a numerical semigroup contained in the face containing \(S\).