Lorentzian fermionic action by twisting Euclidean spectral triples (Q2080300)

In the noncommutative geometric exploration beyond the standard model for elementary particles, this paper presents how the concept of twisted spectral triples can be used to provide a transition from Euclidean setting to Lorentzian setting for the fermionic action. The authors first give a general review of structures related to twisted spectral triples \(\left( \mathcal{A},\mathcal{H},\mathcal{D}\right) _{\rho}\) with *-algebra \(\mathcal{A}\), Hilbert space \(\mathcal{H}\), and self-adjoint (Dirac) operator \(\mathcal{D}\) on \(\mathcal{H}\) satisfying the characteristic feature of bounded twisted commutator \(\left[ \mathcal{D},a\right] _{\rho }\equiv\mathcal{D}a-\rho\left( a\right) \mathcal{D}\) for all \(a\in \mathcal{A}\) where \(\rho\) is an automorphism of \(\mathcal{A}\). In particular, a real twisted spectral triple involves a \(\mathbb{Z}_{2}\)-grading of \(\mathcal{H}\) by a self-adjoint operator \(\Gamma\), of square \(I\), commuting with each \(a\in\mathcal{A}\) and anti-commuting with \(\mathcal{D}\), and a real structure given by an anti-linear isometry \(J\) of \(\mathcal{H}\) with \(J^{2}=\varepsilon I\), \(J\mathcal{D}=\varepsilon^{\prime}\mathcal{D}J\), and \(J\Gamma=\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\Gamma J\) for some \(\varepsilon ,\varepsilon^{\prime},\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\in\left\{ \pm1\right\} \), satisfying some additional conditions involving elements of \(\mathcal{A}\). For such a real twisted spectral triple with \(\rho\) implemented as the conjugation by a unitary operator \(\mathcal{R}\) on \(\mathcal{H}\) such that \(J\mathcal{R}=\pm\mathcal{R}J\), the fermionic actions \(S\left( \mathcal{D}_{\omega_{\rho}}\right) :=\mathfrak{A}_{\mathcal{D}_{\omega}}^{\rho}\left( \tilde{\xi},\tilde{\xi}\right) \) are parametrized by twisted 1-forms \(\omega_{\rho }=\sum_{j}a_{j}\left[ \mathcal{D},b_{j}\right] _{\rho}\) with \(a_{j},b_{j}\in\mathcal{A}\) such that \(\mathcal{D}_{\omega_{\rho}}:=\mathcal{D}+\omega_{\rho}+\varepsilon^{\prime}J\omega_{\rho}J^{-1}\) is self-adjoint, where \(\mathfrak{A}_{\mathcal{D}_{\omega}}^{\rho}\left( \phi,\xi\right) :=\left\langle J\phi,\mathcal{D}_{\omega_{\rho}}\xi\right\rangle _{\rho}\) for a twisted inner product \(\left\langle \cdot,\cdot\right\rangle _{\rho}\) is antisymmetric on the positive eigenspace \(\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{R}}\) of \(\mathcal{R}\), and \(\tilde{\xi}\) is the Grassmann variable associated with \(\xi\) in \(\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{R}}\). Then focusing on the real graded minimally twisted spectral triple consisting of *-algebra \(C^{\infty}\left( \mathcal{M}\right) \otimes\mathbb{C}^{2}\), Hilbert space \(L^{2}\left( \mathcal{M},\mathcal{S}\right) \) of \(L^{2}\)-spinors, and the Euclidean Dirac operator \(\eth =-i\gamma^{\mu}\partial _{\mu}\) with Dirac matrices \(\gamma^{\mu}\), for a closed four-dimensional Euclidean spin manifold \(\mathcal{M}\), with the twist \(\rho\) flipping the two components of \(C^{\infty}\left( \mathcal{M}\right) \otimes\mathbb{C}^{2}\), and specific grading and real structure having \(\varepsilon=-1\) and \(\varepsilon^{\prime}=\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}=1\), the authors compute the fermionic actions and check their invariance under gauge transformations. Furthermore, in order to derive the Weyl equation for the Lagrangian density analog that shows up in these fermionic actions, the twisted manifold is further doubled by working on the twisted spectral triple \(\left( C^{\infty }\left( \mathcal{M}\right) \otimes\mathbb{C}^{2},L^{2}\left( \mathcal{M},\mathcal{S}\right) \otimes\mathbb{C}^{2},\eth \otimes I_{2}\right) _{\rho}\). Similar study of fermionic action and gauge invariance is also worked out for a twisted version of the spectral triple of electrodynamics proposed by K. van den Dungen and W. D. van Suijlekom, and the Dirac equation in Lorentzian signature is derived. Finally an action of Lorentz group is defined and shown to keep the fermionic actions invariant, which then facilitates the interpretation of those 1-forms parametrizing fermionic actions as the energy-momentum vectors.