On existence of PI-exponent of algebras with involution (Q2097238)

It was proved by \textit{A. Giambruno} and \textit{M. Zaicev} [Adv. Math. 140, No. 2, 145--155 (1998; Zbl 0920.16012); Adv. Math. 142, No. 2, 221--243 (1999; Zbl 0920.16013)], that for an associative algebra \(A\) over a field of zero characteristic there exists an integer limit \( \lim_{n\to \infty} \sqrt[n]{c_n(A)}\), where \(c_n(A)\), \(n\ge 0\), is the codimension growth sequence. This number is called the PI-exponent of A, \(\exp(A)\). The existence and integrality of the \(*\)-codemnsion growth \(\exp^*(A)\) was proved for any associative PI-algebra with involution \(*\) over a field of zero characteristic in [\textit{A. Giambruno} and \textit{M. Zaicev}, J. Algebra 222, No. 2, 471--484 (1999; Zbl 0944.16023)] and [\textit{A. Giambruno} et al., J. Algebra 469, 302--322 (2017; Zbl 1353.16022)]. Now, the authors study polynomial identities of algebras with involution in setting of nonassociative algebras over a field of characteristic zero. First, the authors prove the bound on the \(*\)-codimensions \(c_n^*(A)\le d^{n+1}\), \(n\ge 0\), where \(A\) is a finite dimensional algebra with involution \(*:A\to A\), \(\dim A=d\), the field being arbitrary. Second, the authors construct a series of finite-dimensional algebras with explicitly computed fractional exponent \(\exp^*(A)\). Third, for any real number \(\alpha>1\) they construct a finite dimensional \(*\)-algebra \(C_\alpha\) with different lower and upper exponent of the \(*\)-codimension growth. Namely, \(\underline {\exp}^*(C_\alpha)=1\) and \(\overline {\exp}^*(C_\alpha)=\alpha\). The algebras of the second and third result are closely related to algebras constructed in [\textit{I. Shestakov} and \textit{M. Zaicev}, Arch. Math. 116, No. 4, 413--421 (2021; Zbl 1468.17007)].