Uniqueness and non-uniqueness results for forced dyadic MHD models (Q2105221)

The authors prove existence and non-existence results for the dyadic model associated to the magnetohydrodynamics system previously proposed by the first author in [Physica D 428, Article ID 133066, 13 p. (2021; Zbl 07479407)] and written as: \(\frac{d}{dt}a_{j}+\nu \lambda _{j}^{2}a_{j}+\kappa _{1}(\lambda _{j}^{\theta }a_{j}a_{j+1}-\lambda _{j-1}^{\theta }a_{j-1}^{2})-\kappa _{2}(\lambda _{j}^{\theta }b_{j}b_{j+1}-\lambda _{j-1}^{\theta }b_{2j-1})=f_{j}\), \(\frac{d}{dt} b_{j}+\mu \lambda _{j}^{2}b_{j}+\kappa _{2}(\lambda _{j}^{\theta }a_{j}b_{j+1}-\lambda _{j}^{\theta }b_{j}a_{j+1})=0\), for\(j\geq 0\), \(\lambda _{j}=\lambda ^{j}\) with a fixed constant \(\lambda >1\), and \(a_{-1}=b_{-1}=0\). The variables \((a_{j},b_{j})\) are related to the energy as \(\frac{1}{2} a_{j}^{2}\) and \(\frac{1}{2}b_{j}^{2}\) are the kinetic energy and magnetic energy in the \(j\)-th shell, respectively. The parameter \(\theta \) is defined as \(\theta =\frac{5-\delta }{2}\), where \(\delta \in \lbrack 0,3]\) is the intermittency dimension for the 3D turbulent vector field and naturally belongs to \([1,\frac{5}{2}]\). The parameters \(\kappa _{1}\) and \(\kappa _{2}\) represent the energy transfer direction and strength among shells. The authors define the notion of weak solution to the above system as a pair of \( l_{2}\)-valued functions \((a(t),b(t))\) defined on \([0,\infty )\) such that \( a_{j}\) and \(b_{j}\) satisfy the above system and \(a_{j},b_{j}\in C^{1}([0,\infty ))\) for all \(j\geq 0\). A Leray-Hopf solution \((a(t),b(t))\) to the above system on \([0,T)\) is a weak solution satisfying \(a_{j},b_{j}\in L^{\infty }([0,T);l_{2})\cap L^{2}([0,T);H^{1})\), for all \(j\geq 0\), and \( \left\Vert a(t)\right\Vert _{l_{2}}^{2}+\left\Vert b(t)\right\Vert _{l_{2}}^{2}+2\nu \int_{0}^{t}\left\Vert a(\tau )\right\Vert _{H^{1}}^{2}d\tau +2\mu \int_{0}^{t}\left\Vert b(\tau )\right\Vert _{H^{1}}^{2}d\tau \leq \left\Vert a(0)\right\Vert _{l_{2}}^{2}+\left\Vert b(0)\right\Vert _{l_{2}}^{2}\), for all \(0\leq t<T\). The first main result of the paper proves that if \(\theta \in \lbrack 1,\frac{5}{2}]\), \( a^{0}=\{a_{j}^{0}\}_{j}\geq 0\in l_{2}\), \(b^{0}=\{b_{j}^{0}\}_{j}\geq 0\in l_{2}\), and \(\sum_{j=0}^{\infty }\lambda _{j}^{-2}\int_{0}^{T}f_{j}^{2}(t)dt<\infty \), i.e. \(f\in L^{2}(0,T;H^{-1})\), for any \(T>0\), there exists a Leray-Hopf solution to the above system with the initial data \((a^{0},b^{0})\) on \([0,T]\). To prove the uniqueness of such a Leray-Hopf solution, the authors choose \(1\leq \theta \leq 2\) and assume that \(a^{0}\in l_{2}\), \(b^{0}\in l_{2}\), and \(f\in L^{2}(0,T;H^{-1})\). In the case where \(\theta \in \lbrack 2,5]\) and \(a^{0}=0=b^{0}\), the authors prove the existence of \(T>0\) and of functions \(\{f_{j}(t)\}\) satisfying \( f=\{f_{j}\}_{j\geq 0}\in L^{2}(0,T;H^{-1})\) such that the above system with initial data \((a^{0},b^{0})\) has at least two Leray-Hopf solutions, one of which taking non-vanishing values on \([0,T]\). For the proof of the existence result, the authors apply a Galerkin procedure. The uniqueness result is deduced from the following estimate: if \(\theta \in \lbrack 1,\frac{5}{2}]\), \((a(t),b(t))\) and \((u(t),v(t))\) are Leray-Hopf solutions to the above system with the same initial data \((a^{0},b^{0})\in l_{2}\times l_{2}\), and there is a number \(J\) such that \(\left\vert a_{j}(t)\right\vert \leq C_{0}\lambda _{j}^{2-\theta }\), \(\left\vert b_{j}(t)\right\vert \leq C_{0}\lambda _{j}^{2-\theta }\) for \(j\geq J\), \(t\in \lbrack 0,T]\), with a constant \(C_{0}\) depending on \(\lambda \) and \(\theta \), then \(a_{j}\equiv u_{j}\), \( b_{j}\equiv v_{j}\), on \([0,T]\) for all \(j\geq 0\). For the non-uniqueness result, the authors adapt a result obtained by \textit{N. Filonov} and \textit{P. Khodunov} [St. Petersbg. Math. J. 32, No. 2, 371--387 (2021; Zbl 1464.35178); translation from Algebra Anal. 32, No. 2, 229--253 (2020)] and concerning the existence of at least two Leray-Hopf solutions to the dyadic system associated to the Navier-Stokes system. The paper ends with quite similar analyses concerning the dyadic models associated to the Navier-Stokes equations or to the magnetohydrodynamics equations involving a fractional Laplacian scaling.