A wells type exact sequence for non-degenerate unitary solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation (Q2107531)

This paper is devoted to linear cycle sets which are closely related to set-theoretical solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. Let \(X\) be a set. Let \(r\colon X\times X\to X\times X\) be a map. Let \(r_{12},r_{23}\colon X\times X\times X\to X\times X\times X\) be the maps given respectively by \(r_{12}(x,y,z)=(r(x,y),z)\) and \(r_{23}(x,y,z)=(x,r(y,z))\). A pair \((X,r)\), where \(r\) is as above, is a \textit{set-theoretic solution} of the Yang-Baxter equation when \(r_{12}r_{23}r_{12}=r_{23}r_{12}r_{23}\). \(r\) then is \textit{non-degenerate} when the maps \(\pi_2\circ r(x,-)\colon X\to X\) and \(\pi_1\circ r(-,y)\colon X\to X\) are bijective for all \(x,y\in X\), where \(\pi_1,\pi_2\colon X\times X\to X\) are respectively the projections onto the first and the second factor. A \textit{(left) cycle set} is a non-empty set \(X\) with a binary operation \(\cdot\) having bijective left translations \(x\mapsto y\cdot x\), and satisfying the equation \((x\cdot y)\cdot (x\cdot z)=(y\cdot x)\cdot (y\cdot z)\) for all \(x,y,z\in X\). Cycle sets are in bijection with non-degenerate ``unitary'' set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. A \textit{(left) linear cycle set} is a cycle set \((X,\cdot)\) with an abelian group operation \(+\) such that \(\cdot\) is left distributive over \(+\) and such that \((x+y)\cdot z=(x\cdot y)\cdot (x\cdot z)\), \(x,y,z\in X\). E.g. any abelian group becomes a linear cycle set, called \textit{trivial}, when \((X,\cdot)\) is a right-zero band, that is, with \(x\cdot y=y\). In this paper the authors, after recalling some notions about cohomology and about extensions of linear cycle sets, prove that there is a canonical group homomorphism between the second linear cycle set cohomology and the second symmetric cohomology of the underlying abelian group (Prop. 2.6), and, for trivial linear cycle sets, they show that this homomorphism is onto, and that in fact up to an isomorphism it is simply the projection onto the second factor (Prop. 2.7). They also provide, for each central extension of linear cycle sets, a four term exact sequence in which occur group of \(1\)-cocyles, automorphism groups and second cohomology groups (Theorem 4.5).