On Blaschke-Santaló diagrams for the torsional rigidity and the first Dirichlet eigenvalue (Q2118012)

For a bounded open set \(\Omega\) in \(\mathbb{R}^N\), let us denote by \(\lambda_1(\Omega)\) the first eigenvalue of the Laplace operator with Dirichlet boundary condition and \(T(\Omega)\) the torsion (or torsional rigidity) of \(\Omega\) defined as \(T(\Omega):=\int_\Omega w(x) dx \) where \(w\) solves \(-\Delta w=1\) in \(\Omega\) with \(w=0\) on its boundary. Many isoperimetric inequalities are known for these two important quantities (e.g. the Faber-Krahn, Saint-Venant, Pòlya, Kohler-Jobin inequalities are the most famous ones). Now these classical inequalities may not be sufficient to describe all possible values taken by the couple \((\lambda_1(\Omega),T(\Omega))\) for domains \(\Omega\) of given volume. This is the reason why it is interesting to study and plot the so-called Blaschke-Santalò diagrams of these quantities. This has been done first for purely geometric quantities (for example in the context of convex geometry), but for several years some papers deal with spectral or PDE quantities as in this paper. In particular, the paper under review has been written at the same time than two other papers devoted also to \(\lambda_1\) and \(T\), namely [\textit{M. van den Berg} et al., Commun. Contemp. Math. 23, No. 8, Article ID 2050093, 28 p. (2021; Zbl 1479.49092)] and [\textit{G. Buttazzo} and \textit{A. Pratelli}, ESAIM, Control Optim. Calc. Var. 27, Paper No. 36, 13 p. (2021; Zbl 1467.49032)] and it complements these papers. More precisely, let us introduce the sets in the plane (or Blaschke-Santalò diagrams): \[\mathcal{D}:=\{(x,y)/x=\lambda_1(\Omega), y=T(\Omega)^{-1}; \Omega \mbox{ convex },|\Omega|=1\}\] and \[\mathcal{E}:=\{(x,y)/x=\lambda_1(\Omega), y=T(\Omega)^{-1}; \Omega \mbox{ convex },|\Omega|\leq 1\}.\] Instead of fixing the volume equal to 1, it is obviously possible to take advantage of the scaling properties of \(\lambda_1\) and \(T\) and introduce the volume in the definition of the sets \(\mathcal{D}\) and \(\mathcal{E}\). For these two sets, the authors prove the following properties: -- The diagram \(\mathcal{D}\) is closed, connected by arcs, its complement has only one unbounded connected component. Moreover, the unbounded connected component of the boundary of \(\mathcal{D}\) is the union of two curves which meet at the vertex \(V=(\lambda_1(B),T(B)^{-1})\) (where \(B\) is the ball of volume 1) and diverge to \(+\infty\) as \(x\to +\infty\). The authors also provide, in dimension 2, the maximal and minimal slopes at \(V\) (i.e. the tangents of the two curves). -- The diagram \(\mathcal{E}\) is closed, simply connected, convex in the \(x\)-direction and convex in the \(y\)-direction. Its boundary is the union of two curves which meet only at the vertex \(V\) and diverge to \(+\infty\) as \(x\to +\infty\). The boundary above the diagram \(\mathcal{E}\) is the one given by the Kohler-Jobin inequality. The boundary below is a continuous increasing curve. The tangents of these curves at the point \(V\) are the same than for the diagram \(\mathcal{D}\)