Addition theorems for \(\mathcal{C}^k\) real functions and applications in ordinary differential equations (Q2123721)

We say that a given function \(\varphi\) has an \textit{addition theorem} if the value of \(\varphi(x+y)\) can be expressed as a function of \(\varphi(x)\) and \(\varphi(y)\). In other words, for some \(G\) the formula \(G(\varphi(x),\varphi(y),\varphi(x+y))=0\) holds for all \(x,y\) from a given domain. The mapping \(G\) is referred to as an \textit{addition formula} associated with \(\varphi\). If \(\varphi(x+y)=R(\varphi(x),\varphi(y))\) then \(R\) is called an \textit{explicit addition formula}. A particular case, when \(x=y\), i.e., \(G(\varphi(x),\varphi(2x))=0\) or \(\varphi(2x)=R(\varphi(x))\), yields the so called \textit{double-angle formulas}. The paper contains results both on the existence of addition formulas and on the reverse problem, i.e., under which assumptions a given mapping \(R\) is an explicit addition formula for some mapping. The consideration are carried out in the family of real \(\mathcal{C}^{k}\) mappings, including \(\mathcal{C}^{\infty}\) and analytic mappings. Applications are given for mappings being solutions of some ordinary differential equations. In particular, double-angle formulas are used to estimate the solution of an initial value problem. Finally, some numerical experiments are carried out.