Bifurcations of balanced configurations for the Newtonian \(n\)-body problem in \(\mathbb{R}^4\) (Q2124778)

A \textit{central configuration} of the \(n\)-body problem is a solution to the equation \[ M^{-1}\nabla U(q) + \lambda q = 0, \] where \(U(q)\) represents the standard Newtonian potential, \(M\) is a diagonal matrix of masses, and \(\lambda\) is a suitable scalar. Specifically, the gravitational force/acceleration vector for each mass points toward the origin at all time. Solutions to central configurations give \textit{homothetic solutions}, which preserve their shape for all time. In addition, in \(\mathbb{R}^2\), these give \textit{relative equilibria}, which are fixed up to scaling and rotation for all time. The main idea of the paper is that of an ``\(S\)-balanced configuration''. Given two central configurations of the \(n\)-body problem in \(\mathbb{R}^2\), a new central configuration in \(\mathbb{R}^4\) can be created by placing the two central configurations in the two orthogonal \(\mathbb{R}^2\) planes. \(S\)-balanced configurations are defined as solutions to \[ M^{-1}\nabla U(q) + \lambda \hat{S} q = 0, \] where \[ \hat{S} = \mathrm{diag}(S,...,S) \] and \[ S = \mathrm{diag}(s,s,1,1). \] The paper studies the effect of varying the parameter \(s\). The primary tools of analysis are the Morse index, Moeckel's \(45^\circ\) Theorem, and spectral flow. After briefly developing some theory in the general \(\mathbb{R}^4\) case, the authors restrict themselves to the space \(\{0\} \times \mathbb{R}^2 \times \{0\}\). Then results relating to bifurcations of the system are given. The paper closes with some numerically computed examples when \(n = 3\), showing bifurcations away from collinear configurations in the cases of three equal masses, and in the case where \(m_1 = m_2 = 1\), \(m_3 = \mu\), further varying \(\mu\) from \(.01\) to \(.99\). Overall, the paper presents some interesting ideas, and would be of interest to those working in general \(n\)-body problems.