Proof of two conjectures of Guo and Schlosser (Q2127852)
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Proof of two conjectures of Guo and Schlosser (English)
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21 April 2022
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Via two \(q\)-congruences by \textit{V. J. W. Guo} [Adv. Appl. Math. 120, Article ID 102078 (2020; Zbl 1456.11024)], the creative microscoping method from \textit {V. J. W. Guo} and \textit {W. Zudilin} [Adv. Math. 346, 329--358 (2019; Zbl 1464.11028)], the Chinese remainder theorem for coprime polynomials, and the Watson's \({}_8\phi _7\) transformation illustrated in Vol. No. 96 of the \textit {Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications} [Basic hypergeometric series. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2004; Zbl 1129.33005)], the paper establishes modulo \(\Phi_{n}(q)^2(1- a q^n) (a-q^n)\) that, letting \(n>3\) be an odd integer and \(r \in\{0,2\}\), \begin{multline*} \sum_{k=0}^{(n+1) / 2}[4 k+1] \frac{\left(a q^{-1}, q^{-1} / a, q^{1-r}, c q, d q, q ; q^{2}\right)_{k}}{\left(q^{4} / a, a q^{4}, q^{2+r}, q^{2} / c, q^{2} / d, q^{2} ; q^{2}\right)_{k}}\left(\frac{q^{5+r}}{c d}\right)^{k} \\ \equiv[n] Z_{q}(a, n) \frac{\left(a q^{-1}, q^{-1} / a, q^{1-r}, q / c d ; q^{2}\right)_{(r+4) / 2}}{\left(q, q^{r+2} ; q^{2}\right)_{2}\left(q^{2} / c, q^{2} / d ; q^{2}\right)_{(r+4) / 2}} \\ \times \sum_{k=0}^{\frac{n-r-3}{2}} \frac{\left(a q^{r+3}, q^{r+3} / a, q^{5}, q^{r+5} / c d ; q^{2}\right)_{k}}{\left(q^{2}, q^{6+r}, q^{6+r} / c, q^{6+r} / d ; q^{2}\right)_{k}} q^{2 k}, \end{multline*} where \([n]=(1-q^n)/(1-q)\) denote the \(q\)-integer of \(n\) and \begin{multline*} Z_{q}(a, n)= (-1)^{\frac{r+2}{2}} q^{\frac{-2 n+r^{2}+10 r+26}{4}}\left\{\frac{n\left(1-a q^{2}\right)\left(1-q^{2} / a\right)(1-a) a^{(n-1) / 2}}{\left(a q, q / a ; q^{2}\right)(r+2) / 2\left(1-a^{n}\right)}-\frac{\left(1-q^{2}\right)^{2}}{\left(q ; q^{2}\right)_{(r+2) / 2}^{2}}\right\} \\ \times \frac{\left(1-a q^{n}\right)\left(a-q^{n}\right)}{(1-a)^{2}}+q^{\frac{(r-1)(n+1)}{2}+r+8} \frac{\left(q^{n-2} ; q^{4}\right)_{2}}{\left(q^{n-r-1} ; q^{2}\right)_{r+2}} . \end{multline*} A trivial manipulation leads to proving that, for any odd integer \(n>3\), \[ \sum_{k=0}^{(n+1)/2}[4k+1]\frac{(aq^{-1};q^2)_k(q^{-1}/a;q^2)_k(q;q^2)_k^2}{(aq^4;q^2)_k(q^4/a;q^2)_k(q^2;q^2)_k^2}q^{4k} \equiv 0 \pmod{[n]\Phi_n(q)(1-aq^n)(a-q^n)}, \] \[ \sum_{k=0}^{(n+1)/2}[4k+1]\frac{(aq^{-1};q^2)_k(q^{-1}/a;q^2)_k(q^{-1};q^2)_k(q;q^2)_k}{(aq^4;q^2)_k(q^4/a;q^2)_k(q^4;q^2)_k(q^2;q^2)_k}q^{6k} \equiv 0 \pmod{\Phi_n(q)^2(1-aq^n)(a-q^n)}, \] as conjectured by \textit{V. J. W. Guo} and \textit {M. J. Schlosser} [Constr. Approx. 53, No. 1, 155--200 (2021; Zbl 1462.33006)], where \(\Phi_n(q)\) is \(n\)-th cyclotomic polynomial in \(q\) and \((a;q)_k=(1-a)(1-aq)\cdots (1-aq^{k-1})\). Through basic properties of the cyclotomic polynomials and de L'Hôpital's rule, the authors find several auxiliary results for any odd integer \(n>3\), the most notable of which is \begin{multline*} \sum_{k=0}^{M}[4 k+1] \frac{\left(q^{-1} ; q^{2}\right)_{k}^{2}\left(q ; q^{2}\right)_{k}^{2}\left(c q, d q ; q^{2}\right)_{k}}{\left(q^{4} ; q^{2}\right)_{k}^{2}\left(q^{2} ; q^{2}\right)_{k}^{2}\left(q^{2} / c, q^{2} / d ; q^{2}\right)_{k}}\left(\frac{q^{5}}{c d}\right)^{k} \\ \equiv S_{q}(n) \frac{\left(q^{-1} ; q^{2}\right)_{2}^{2}\left(q / c d ; q^{2}\right)_{2}}{\left(q^{2}, q^{2} / c, q^{2} / d ; q^{2}\right)_{2}} \sum_{k=0}^{\frac{n-3}{2}} \frac{\left(q^{3} ; q^{2}\right)_{k}^{2}\left(q^{5}, q^{5} / c d ; q^{2}\right)_{k}}{\left(q^{2}, q^{6}, q^{6} / c, q^{6} / d ; q^{2}\right)_{k}} q^{2 k} \pmod{[n] \Phi_{n}(q)^{3}} \end{multline*} where \(M \in\{(n+1) / 2, n-2\}\) and \[ S_{q}(n)= q^{\frac{13-n}{2}} \frac{n^{2}\left(1-q^{2}\right)^{2}-\left(1+24 q+22 q^{2}+24 q^{3}+q^{4}\right)}{24}[n]^{3} +q^{\frac{15-n}{2}} \frac{[n-2][n+2]}{[n-1][n+1]}[n] . \]
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\(q\)-congruence
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\(q\)-supercongruence
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creative microscoping method
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cyclotomic polynomial
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Chinese remainder theorem
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basic hypergeometric series
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