The cosine-sine functional equation on semigroups (Q2131166)

Let \(S\) be a semigroup. The functions \(f,g,h\colon S\to\mathbb{C}\) satisfy the \emph{cosine-sine functional equation} if \[ f(xy)=f(x)g(y)+g(x)f(y)+h(x)h(y) \] holds for all \(x,y\in S\). This equation generalizes simultaneously the sine and the cosine addition formula. It was solved by \textit{J. K. Chung} et al. [Linear Algebra Appl. 66, 259--277 (1985; Zbl 0564.39002)] if \(S\) is a group. Their result was extended by the author of this paper when \(S\) is a semigroup generated by its squares [Acta Math. Hung. 165, No. 2, 337--354 (2021; Zbl 1499.39097)]. In the case of groups, the solutions are exponential polynomials, whereas this is not generally the case for semigroups. The aim of the paper is to extend the mentioned results to a larger class of semigroups. The special case of the sine-cosine equation \[ f(xy)=f(x)g(y)+g(x)f(y)-g(x)g(y) \] is investigated separately and independently for two reasons. The first is because the applied method (developed by \textit{H. Stetkær} [Functional equations on groups. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific (2013; Zbl 1298.39018)]) is direct and elementary, and the second is that it works on a general semigroup (with no extra conditions). The author also discusses the obstructions to find the solution of the sine-cosine equation on a general semigroup.