Bounds on the extent of a topological space (Q2133657)

The aim of this short paper is to give some new bounds for the extent, \(e(X)\) and other related cardinal functions of a topological space \(X\) in which no separation axioms are assumed. The \textit{discrete extent}, \(de(X)\), of a space \(X\) is defined to be \(\sup\{|\mathcal A|:\mathcal{A}\) is a discrete family of sets in \(X\}\); the \textit{weak extent} of \(X\), \(we(X)\), is defined to be the smallest cardinal \(\kappa\) such that for every open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(X\), there is a subset \(A\subseteq X\) of cardinality at most \(\kappa\) such that \(St(A,\mathcal{ U}) =X\). As usual, \(c(X),\,\,d(X),\,\,s(X)\) and \(l(X)\) denote respectively the cellularity, the density, the spread and the Lindelöf number of a topological space \(X\); if \(X\) is \(T_1\), then \(e(X)=de(X)\). In a previous article [Topology Appl. 201, 181--205 (2016; Zbl 1338.54032)] the authors showed among other results that if \(X\) is perfectly normal, then \(c(X)\leq de(X)\) and if \(X\) is developable, then \(we(X)=d(X)\). A space \(X\) is \textit{submeta-Lindelöf} if for every open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) there is a sequence \(\{\mathcal{U}_n: n\in\omega\}\) of open covers of \(X\), each refining \(\mathcal{U}\), such that for every \(x\in X\) there is \(n\in\omega\) such that the family \(\mathcal{U}_n(x) = \{U\in\mathcal{U}_n : x\in X\}\) is at most countable; \(X\) is \textit{weakly submeta-Lindelöf} if for every open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(X\) there is a sequence \(\{\mathcal{U}_n: n\in\omega\}\) of families of open sets in \(X\) such that each family \(\mathcal{U}_n\) refines \(\mathcal{U}\) and for every \(x\in X\) there is \(n\in\omega\) such that \(1 \leq |\mathcal{U}_n(x)|\leq\omega\). The principal results of this article are the following: (1) If a space \(X\) is submeta-Lindelöf, then \(de(X)\leq l(X)\leq\omega\cdot de(X)\); (2) If a space \(X\) is weakly submeta-Lindelöf, then \(l(X)\leq\omega\cdot s(X)\), and (3) If \(X\) is meta-Lindelöf then \(de(X)\leq l(X)\leq\omega\cdot \min\{d(X), de(X)\}\). Some (Hausdorff) examples are given to illustrate the results.