Gowers norms and pseudorandom measures of subsets (Q2141326)

One can begin with authors' description of this research: ``Let \(A \subset \mathbb{Z}_N\), and \[ {f_A}(s) = \begin{cases} 1 - \frac{|A|}{N}, & \text{for } s \in A, \\ -\frac{|A|}{N}, & \text{for } s \notin A. \end{cases} \] We define the pseudorandom measure of order \(k\) of the subset \(A\) as follows \[ {P_k}(A,N) =\max\limits_D \left| {\sum\limits_{n \in{\mathbb{Z}_N}} {{f_A}(n + {c_1}){f_A}(n + {c_2}) \cdots{f_A}(n + {c_k})} } \right|, \] where the maximum is taken over all \(D = (c_1,c_2,\cdots,c_k ) \in \mathbb{Z}^k\) with \(0 \le c_1 < c_2< \cdots <c_k \le N - 1\). The subset \(A \subset \mathbb{Z}_N\) is considered as a pseudorandom subset of degree \(k\) if \(P_k \) (A, N) is ``small'' in terms of \(N\). We establish a link between the Gowers norm and our pseudorandom measure, and show that ``good'' pseudorandom subsets must have ``small'' Gowers norm. We give an example to suggest that subsets with ``small'' Gowers norm may have large pseudorandom measure. Finally, we prove that the pseudorandom subset of degree \(L(k)\) contains an arithmetic progression of length \(k\), where \[ L(k) = 2 \cdot{\mathrm{lcm}}\left( {2,4, \ldots ,2\left\lfloor{\frac{k}{2}} \right\rfloor } \right),\quad {\text{for }}k \geqslant 4, \] and \(\mathrm{lcm}(\alpha_1, a_2,\dots,a_l)\) denotes the least common multiple of \(a_1,a_2,\dots,a_l\).'' It is noted that, in 1936, Erdös and Turán conjectured that there are arithmetic progressions of length \(k\) in any sufficiently dense set of integers. Proofs of this conjecture, auxiliary notions, and the proofs of auxiliary statements, are considered. Also, the special attention is given to two conjectures which were presented by \textit{W. T. Gowers} [Geom. Funct. Anal. 11, No. 3, 465--588 (2001); Erratum 11, No. 4, 869 (2001; Zbl 1028.11005)]. Finally, one open problem is formulated.