Codimension-one singularities of constrained systems on \(\mathbb{R}^3\) (Q2143603)

The classification of implicit ODEs near singular points has been studied extensively from 1990, while older papers contain already useful results (\textit{F. Takens} [Lect. Notes Math. None, 143--234 (1976; Zbl 0386.34003)], \textit{H. Dulac} [Points singuliers des équations différentielles. 70 p. Paris, Gauthier-Villars (Mémorial Sc. math. fasc. 61) (1934; JFM 60.1092.02; Zbl 0008.06501)] or even \textit{H. Poincaré}'s theorems for this purpose, in [Acta Math. 9, 321--380 (1887; JFM 19.0275.01)]). The authors focus on the 3-dimensional real case for quasi-linear systems reading \[A(x)\dot{x} = F(x),\] supposing the \(A\) and \(F\) are sufficiently smooth near a singularity \(x_0\), where \(\text{rank}(A(x_0))<3\). The well-known regular impasse point, where the graph of the orbits are transversal to the singular locus, are called generic here -- the authors though study what they call impasse singularities: either tangency or equilibrium points, depending on the value of the regularized vector field at this point. Using a normal form established by \textit{J. Sotomayor} and \textit{M. Zhitomirskii} [J. Differ. Equations 169, No. 2, 567--587 (2001; Zbl 0982.34028)] in the \(n\)-dimensional case, Medrado and Silva obtain a classification of the germs at an impasse singularity. The shape of the solutions once again are conformal to René Thom's ``Théorie des Catastrophes'' or to the bifurcation theory: lips, dove's tail ... One of the most interesting part of this paper is the resolution of the equilibrium case with resonant eigenvalues.