Explicit Kronecker-Weyl theorems and applications to prime number races (Q2153901)

The Kronecker-Weyl theorem asserts that for real numbers \(\theta_1,\dots,\theta_n\), the one-parameter subgroup \(\Gamma:=\{(e^{i\theta_1 x},\dots,e^{i\theta_n x}): x\in\mathbb{R}\}\) is equidistributed in a subtorus inside the \(n\)-dimensional torus \(\mathbb{T}^n=\{(z_1,\dots,z_n)\in\mathbb{C}^n: |z_i|=1~(1\leq i\leq n) \}\) with respect to its Haar measure \(d\mu\). This result is at the heart of the modern approach to the study of so-called ``prime number races'', which consists in investigating the properties of the set \(\mathcal{P}_{q;a_1,\dots,a_D}:=\{x\geq 2: \pi(x;q,a_1)>\pi(x;q,a_2)>\cdots>\pi(x;q,a_D)\}\), where as usual \(\pi(x;q,a)\) is the number of primes \(p\leq x\) with \(p\equiv a\pmod{q}\). In the first part of the paper under review, the author proves an explicit versions of the discrete and the continuous Kronecker-Weyl theorems, and then, he generalize his methods in the continuous case, in the presence of infinitely many real numbers. The second part of the paper is devoted to applications, where the author applies his results in to study the asymptotic densities associated to functions with an extra error term, as those are the kind of functions appearing in explicit formulas for prime number races. Also, he applies his results to the concrete problem of studying prime divisor races in geometric Galois extensions of function fields (in one variable) over finite fields.