Combined measure and shift invariance theory of time scales and applications (Q2160162)

The theory of time scales, which was initiated by Stefan Hilger in his PhD thesis in order to unify discrete and continuous analysis, has gained a lot of attention. During the past decade, a considerable number of time scale results have been given by many authors. The general idea is to prove a result for a dynamic inequality where the domain of the unknown function is a so-called time scale \(\mathbb{T}\), which is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of \(\mathbb{R}\). The three most popular time scales are \(\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{R}\), \(\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{Z}\) and \(\mathbb{T}=\overline{q^\mathbb{Z}}=\{q^z:z\in \mathbb{Z}\}\cup\{0\}\), where \(q > 1\). In the other hand, the subject of measure theory was born at the beginning of the twentieth century and the notion ``measure'' is an important concept in analyzing the subsets of Euclidian spaces. In 1989, E. Borel first established a measure theory on subsets of the real numbers known as Borel sets, and Lebesgue measure was introduced by H. Lebesgue in 1902 and the related integral based on measure theory is more comprehensive than the Riemann integral. In this book entitled,``Combined Measure and Shift Invariance Theory of Time Scales and Applications'' the subject of combined measure and shift invariance on time scales is introduced and studied. Moreover, applications to realistic dynamical mathematical models on irregular hybrid time scales are presented. This monologue contains nine chapters. In what follows, a brief overview of each chapter will be given. Chapter 1 houses the background information of calculus on time scales. Concepts and fundamental characteristics of Riemann delta and nabla integration on time scales are introduced in Sect. 1.1, along with certain fundamental Riemann integral results and calculus foundational theorems. Stochastic calculus and some fundamental outcomes of stochastic dynamic equations on time scales are presented in Section 1.2. The majority of Section 1.3 is devoted to explaining shift operators on time scales, which introduces a new concept of periodicity. Shift operators are crucial when addressing shift invariance of time scales in later chapters. Momentous hybrid derivatives, also known as combined derivatives or diamond-alpha derivatives, are introduced in Section 1.4 along with certain fundamental characteristics of combined dynamic derivatives and integrations. Diamond-alpha dynamic equations' coupled Liouville formula and alpha-matrix exponential solutions are discovered in Section 1.5. Fundamental conclusions regarding the quaternion coupled impulsive matrix dynamic equation on time scales are made in Section 1.6. In chapter 2, the authors establish the Lebesgue-Stieltjes combined diamond-alpha measure, diamond-alpha measurable functions, and related integrals as part of the combined measure theory on time scales. Sections 2.1--2.3 explain the idea of diamond-alpha measurability and present integrated measure theory on time scales. This combination theory can be used to unify several theories, most notably \(\Delta\)-measure theory and \(\nabla\)-measure theory. The notion of Lebesgue diamond-alpha measurable functions is also introduced, and some requirements for a set's diamond-alpha measurability are provided. Lebesgue-Stieltjes diamond-alpha measure, diamond-alpha measurable function, and diamond-alpha integral concepts are introduced in Sections 2.4--2.5. Some fundamental features, including the relations, extensions, and composition theorems, are constructed based on the idea of combined measurability on time scales. The idea of matched spaces of time scales is introduced in Chapter 3, along with some of their fundamental characteristics. On the basis of this, the fundamental theory of time scale shift invariance is discussed. Section 3.1 introduces the concept of periodic time scales with shift operators and lists some of its characteristics. The theory of time scale singularities under the influence of shift operators is established in Section 3.2. The idea of complete-closed time scales under shift operators is put up and studied in Section 3.3. The theory of the matched spaces of time scales is covered in Section 3.4, and the inherent links between these fundamental ideas in these three parts are shown. The singularity of time scales caused by the matched space shift operators and the shift with direction to prevent the singularity are presented in Sections 3.5--3.6. The main goal of Chapter 4 is to develop a theory of nearly periodic functions using the theory of matched time scale spaces. Some fundamental ideas and characteristics of periodic functions under the complete-closed time scales in shifts are introduced in Sect. 4.1. A theory of \(\delta\)-almost periodic functions in matched spaces is developed in Section 4.2. In Section 4.3, a concept of a shift operator's \(\delta\)-almost periodic stochastic process is discussed, and some fundamental findings are provided. The \(n_0\)-order \(\Delta\)-almost periodic functions, a generalized concept of delta-almost periodic functions, are proposed and examined in Section 4.4. In Chapter 5, a theory of nearly automorphic functions based on the theory of matched space of time scales is developed. Weighted pseudo \(\delta\)-almost automorphic functions under matched spaces are a concept that is introduced and studied in Section 5.1. \(n_0\)-order weighted pseudo \(\delta\)-almost automorphic functions, a new generalized type of almost automorphic functions, are first proposed in Section 5.2, and some of their fundamental characteristics are established. By introducing the S-equipotentially almost automorphic sequence under S-CCTS, Section 5.3 primarily focuses on developing a theory of discontinuous S-almost automorphic functions. Chapter 6 introduces and studies some fundamental concepts of the \(C_0\)-semigroup and Stepanov-like nearly automorphic functions in matched spaces of time scales. The idea of a \(C_0\)-semigroup on a quantum time scale is put forth in Sect. 6.1, and a few fundamental characteristics are established. The concept of the Stepanov-like almost automorphic functions is introduced on a quantum time scale in Sections 6.2 and 6.3, and their basic characteristics are examined. In the quantum case, the weak automorphy of such functions is also discussed. The theory of shift-semigroups and Stepanov-like almost automorphic functions under the matched space of time scales are introduced in Sections 6.4 and 6.5. Some fundamental results of the \(\delta\)-almost periodic solutions and \(n_0\)-order \(\Delta\)-almost periodic solutions of a general dynamic equations are established under matched spaces of time scales in Chapter 7 based on the theory of \(\delta\)-almost periodic functions and \(n_0\)-order \(\Delta\)-almost periodic functions developed in Chap. 4. As a special case, the fundamental solutions to nearly periodic \(q\)-dynamical equations problems on a quantum time scale are included. In Sections 7.1--7.3, the fundamental theory of dynamic equations under matched spaces of time scales is established using the developed theory of matched spaces of time scales, and some useful methods are provided to study the nearly periodic solutions of dynamic equations on hybrid time scales. Based on the theory developed in Chapter 5, two types of nearly automorphic solutions to dynamic equations under matched spaces are systematically discussed in this chapter. The general inhomogeneous dynamic equations' weighted pseudo \(\delta\)-almost automorphic solutions and \(n_0\)-order eighted pseudo \(\delta\)-almost automorphic solutions are examined in Sections 8.1 to 8.2. Additionally, Section 8.3 analyzes the almost automorphy of the solutions to dynamic equations with shift operators and establishes some fundamental conclusions for the discontinuous cases. Finally, Chapter 9 introduces a few new kinds of neutral impulsive stochastic dynamical models on erratic time scales based on the theory of almost periodic functions with shift operators proposed in the previous chapters. The mean-square almost periodic solutions for a new class of neutral impulsive stochastic Lasota-Wazewska timescale model are investigated in Sect. 9.1 using almost periodic results of stochastic dynamic equations with shift operators. In Section 9.2, the almost periodic oscillations for the delay impulsive stochastic Nicholson's blowflies timescale model on hybrid time scales are studied using the mean-square almost periodic stochastic process with shift operators.